Preprints
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-183
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2024-183
13 Nov 2024
 | 13 Nov 2024
Status: this preprint is currently under review for the journal NHESS.

Assessing the impact of early warning and evacuation on human losses during the 2021 Ahr Valley flood in Germany using agent-based modelling

André Felipe Rocha Silva, Julian Cardoso Eleutério, Heiko Apel, and Heidi Kreibich

Abstract. Between 12 and 19 July 2021, a quasi-stationary atmospheric low-pressure system named "Bernd" caused intense precipitation on already saturated soil, resulting in severe flooding in Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The Ahr River Valley in Rhineland-Palatinate was particularly affected, with approximately 42,000 residents impacted, around 8,800 buildings damaged, and 134 fatalities recorded. The flood in the Ahr River Valley significantly exceeded the scenarios outlined in official hazard maps, leaving decision-makers and the public unprepared. Substantial issues occurred with the content, issuance, and dissemination of warnings, thereby reducing the effectiveness of emergency response. We evaluate how human losses in the Ahr Valley might have differed under alternative flood early warning and evacuation (FEWE) scenarios, using the agent-based model (ABM) LifeSim. To run the model for the 2021 Ahr flood, we utilised a reconstructed modelled time series of water depth and flow velocities and estimated the FEWE timeline based on a post-event survey of the affected population. For the reconstructed FEWE timeline, we identified the first flood warning approximately 13 hours before the peak of the flood upstream of the simulated domain. Only 17.5 % of those affected received a warning with evacuation instructions, with most becoming aware of evacuation necessities only after flooding had already reached them. Consequently, only about 34 % of the population evacuated their homes or were rescued. The median life loss estimation of the reconstructed flood overestimates the actual life loss by 28.8 %. Simulations of alternative FEWE scenarios indicate a potential life loss reduction of up to 80 % with timely warning dissemination and increased population evacuation. However, scenarios in which the FEWE prompted the population to evacuate at the moment of the imminent hazard at their buildings result in higher human losses. In these cases, vertical evacuation within buildings is more effective. Using a life loss ABM, such as LifeSim, can support decisions on FEWEs and improve emergency response planning.

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André Felipe Rocha Silva, Julian Cardoso Eleutério, Heiko Apel, and Heidi Kreibich

Status: open (until 25 Dec 2024)

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André Felipe Rocha Silva, Julian Cardoso Eleutério, Heiko Apel, and Heidi Kreibich
André Felipe Rocha Silva, Julian Cardoso Eleutério, Heiko Apel, and Heidi Kreibich

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Short summary
This work uses agent-based modelling to evaluate the impact of flood warning and evacuation systems on human losses during the 2021 Ahr Valley flood in Germany. While the first flood warning with evacuation instructions is identified as timely, its lack of detail and effectiveness resulted in low public risk awareness. Better dissemination of warnings and improved risk perception and preparedness among the population could reduce casualties by up to 80 %.
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