the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 03 Feb 2025
Catastrophic beach erosion induced by littoral drift on nearby beach after Samcheok LNG's massive coastal reclamation project
Abstract. Large-scale construction projects, such as port construction and reclamation endeavors, can alter inshore wave dynamics, leading to severe coastal erosion. In South Korea, recent large-scale reclamation projects have resulted in the catastrophic erosion of sand along nearby coastlines. This study focuses on Wolcheon Beach, where the complete sand loss occurred due to robust longshore sediment transport (LST) induced by a reclamation project for the construction of the nearby Samcheok liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminal in Gangwon Province. A shoreline change model was employed to simulate this phenomenon, and the results were validated using satellite imagery. The model accuracy was assessed by comparing the LST rate vectors indirectly estimated from the changes in the shoreline delineated in satellite images with those directly derived from the model. Furthermore, a response methodology was proposed using the parabolic bay shape equation, which can effectively mitigate coastal erosion by controlling LST by installing a small-scale groin group on the adjacent beach before commencing reclamation or port projects. These findings are anticipated to significantly contribute to averting catastrophic coastal erosion issues, such as those witnessed at Wolcheon Beach, before performing large-scale construction in coastal regions.
- Preprint
(2873 KB) - Metadata XML
- BibTeX
- EndNote
Status: open (until 17 Mar 2025)
-
RC1: 'Comment on nhess-2024-176', John R.C. Hsu, 22 Feb 2025
reply
This MS reports the analysis of 10 satellite images of beach changes (2021.03.13 to 2022.12.12) at Samcheok LNG terminal, verification of beach changes using numerical calculations (with longshore transport, LST) and empirical bay shape model (PBSE – Hsu and Evans, 1989 with software MeePaSoL – Lim et al., 2021), and suggestion applying groins to protect/prevent beach from erosion prior to the construction of a large-scale coastal development project.
Overall, the layout of the presentation (e.g., sections and sub-sections) is in good order and all results are valuable for coastal managers, planners, and engineering consultants on a large-scale coastal project, from which beach erosion and shoreline rotation could occur, during or after the construction, arising from changes of nearshore wave field.
The title of the MS “Catastrophic beach erosion induced by littoral drift on nearly beach after Samcheok LNG’s massive coastal reclamation project” is catchy and attractive, especially in using the words “catastrophic” and “massive”. In reality, beach erosion downdrift of a harbor breakwater is the norm, which has been known for decades and also documented (e.g., Hsu et al., 1993; Hsu et al., 2000; Uda, 2010). Therefore, the state of beach erosion at the scale of about 40 m may be referred as “severe”, which can be expected, instead of “catastrophic”.
In addition, the beach that suffered erosion is not at “nearby”, but more specifically at “downdrift”, or “immediately downdrift”. The main cause to erosion at Samcheok was not directly “induced by littoral drift”, instead, it was associated with “wave-induced nearshore circulation that transported sediment within the shadow zone of the diffracted waves in the lee of a harbor breakwater or detached breakwater” (e.g., Gourlay, 1974; 1981). In addition, the preventive strategy using groins to control erosion can be found in Hsu at al. (2000), who reported examples of Japanese experience in the 1970-80s.
Please refer the reviewer's report on "Reviewer X on nhess-2024-176.pdf" for all comments.
-
RC2: 'Comment on nhess-2024-176', Fabio Bozzeda, 24 Feb 2025
reply
This study addresses the severe beach erosion at Wolcheon Beach following the Samcheok LNG terminal's large-scale reclamation project. The authors use a shoreline change model, validated with satellite imagery, to analyze the effects of altered littoral drift (LST). The research is highly relevant given the increasing global issue of coastal erosion due to anthropogenic activities and climate change. The study provides valuable insights into predictive modeling and potential mitigation strategies. However, while the study presents strong empirical evidence, some aspects require further clarification, particularly regarding model assumptions, validation methodology, and the applicability of proposed mitigation measures. Below is a detailed critique.
Strengths of the Study
Timely and Relevant Topic
• Coastal erosion due to large-scale infrastructure projects is a pressing issue, and the study highlights an extreme case with real-world implications.
• The integration of satellite data and numerical modeling is commendable, as it allows for a robust spatiotemporal analysis.
Methodological Rigor
• The study effectively uses Google Earth Engine for satellite-based shoreline detection, a reliable method that enhances the spatial resolution of shoreline change assessment.
• The use of the Parabolic Bay Shape Equation (PBSE) to propose mitigation measures (e.g., groins) is methodologically sound and aligns with coastal engineering principles.
Clear Identification of Impacts
• The analysis clearly demonstrates the severe impacts of the Samcheok LNG reclamation on Wolcheon Beach, substantiating claims with quantitative LST analysis.
• The discussion on wave diffraction effects and their role in exacerbating LST-induced erosion is insightful and well-supported by existing literature.Oversimplification of Sediment Transport Processes
• The one-line shoreline change model assumes uniform longshore transport but does not account for cross-shore dynamics (e.g., storm-induced sediment suspension and offshore transport).
• While wave diffraction effects are discussed, the study lacks wave energy dissipation analysis, which could refine the understanding of sediment transport pathways.
.
Insufficient Discussion of Seasonal and Climatic Variability
• The study acknowledges seasonal variations in erosion rates, but no specific meteorological events (e.g., storms, typhoons) are analyzed to determine their relative influence.
• The role of sea level rise (SLR) and climate-driven changes in wave energy is not addressed. Given the long-term relevance of coastal management, this omission limits the broader applicability of the study.
Mitigation Strategies Require Further Justification
• The proposed groin installation is based on the PBSE approach, which is widely used in coastal engineering. However:
o The optimal groin spacing and expected sediment retention efficiency are not thoroughly quantified.
o The authors should discuss potential adverse effects of groin structures, such as down-drift erosion or sediment starvation in adjacent coastal areas.
• Alternative mitigation measures (e.g., beach nourishment, submerged breakwaters) should be compared in terms of cost-effectiveness and environmental impact.
Recommendations for Improvement
Expand Discussion on Mitigation Strategies
• Justify groin placement and spacing with numerical simulations of sediment retention efficiency.
• Compare the effectiveness of groins vs. beach nourishment vs. submerged breakwaters in mitigating erosion at Wolcheon Beach.
• Discuss potential negative consequences of groin installation.
This study provides important insights into the consequences of large-scale coastal reclamation on sediment dynamics. The integration of satellite-based shoreline change detection with numerical modeling is a significant strength, and the proposed mitigation strategies are valuable for coastal engineers and policymakers.
However, to improve its impact and applicability, the study should:
I suggest replacing the adjective "catastrophic" with an equivalent, such as "substantial". I also suggest clarifying which variables contribute to the RMSE, which also assumes non-negligible values. Expand the discussion on the limitations of the method and discuss the uncertainty associated with the proposed solutions..
Viewed
| HTML | XML | Total | BibTeX | EndNote | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 104 | 23 | 5 | 132 | 4 | 4 |
- HTML: 104
- PDF: 23
- XML: 5
- Total: 132
- BibTeX: 4
- EndNote: 4
Viewed (geographical distribution)
| Country | # | Views | % |
|---|
| Total: | 0 |
| HTML: | 0 |
| PDF: | 0 |
| XML: | 0 |
- 1