the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 12 Jun 2023
Unveiling Transboundary Challenges in The Ciliwung River Flood Management
Abstract. Due to massive development in the urban and rural areas, there is a dramatic increase in the impacted area and the amount of economic loss from the Ciliwung River Floods every year. Even though several research studies have identified the key drivers of the flood risk along the Ciliwung River Basin (CRB), addressing the problem has been limited to administrative boundaries. Because Ciliwung River Basin crosses two provinces and several cities and regencies, it is important to tackle future flood events using a transboundary approach. This study uses MICMAC analysis to recognize strategic flood risk drivers from key stakeholders' perspectives. In this study, 13 significant flood drivers were identified. Among those drivers, lack of control of spatial plans and weak stakeholder coordination and cooperation are found to be the critical drivers which influence all other flood drivers. Finally, this study proposes that a national-level development control regulation and an acting commission are established as a priority action for transboundary flood risk management in Ciliwung River Basin.
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Status: closed
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RC1: 'Comment on nhess-2023-85', Anonymous Referee #1, 08 Jul 2023
This manuscript addresses a critical problem for Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, and provides a documented analysis of the primary drivers of increasing vulnerability to flooding for this major metropolitan region, economic hub of the country. The paper is very well done, but I suggest that the authors consider two additional factors in both the discussion and conclusion. First, there is little mention of climate change that is likely a factor contributing to the heavy rainfall. While extreme rainfall is acknowledged as an independent driver, the impact and severity of this driver are likely to increase, making changes in policy, practice, and coordination among the responsible agencies imperative across jurisdictions. Climate change will only intensify the risk of flooding. Second, there is no mention of advances in technology that enable more accurate, timely monitoring of flood risk and rising river levels that could be used to alert the affected communities and organizations. This reference could be added as a recommendation for sustainable monitoring of flood risk at the upstream, mid-stream, and downstream levels of flood risk management.
With these modest revisions, I recommend acceptance. Â
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-85-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Harkunti P. Rahayu, 01 Aug 2023
Thank you for the review of this paper. We agree the recommended additional factors to be discussed and argued further in discussion and conclusion. They are: climate change induces heavy rainfall and advances in technology in monitoring and detecting the flood control described in additional section 5.3 and 5.4 of the paper below.
5.2 Extreme Rainfall
The extreme rainfall is acknowledged in this study as an independent driver with moderate driving power. The fact that climate change is likely a factor contributing to the heavy rainfall has been discussed by many scholars, i.e. intensified short duration heavy rainfall (Tamm et al, 2023). Compounded with vulnerability factors, such as socio-demographic, economic, physical and environment factors, this heavy rainfall will lead to the increase the flood risk.
The impact and severity of this drive are likely to increase, making changes in transboundary policy, planning, practice and coordination among the responsible agencies imperative across jurisdiction. Several works on climate change adaptation and flood disaster risk reduction in Jakarta conducted were identified (Rahayu et al, 2020).
5.3. Flood Controls / Structural Mitigation
The study found that Flood control is a driving factor with low driving power but highly dependence, which gets inclined by other strong drivers. The experts’ judgments were only focused on structural flood control, such as building dams, levees, dykes/flood canals, reservoirs, polders and pump system. However, Jakarta has the highest people living at flood risk area, i.e. flood plain area, river banks. Alerting those people at risk before flood is significantly important. The existing flood early warning system needs to me improved by adopting people center early warning system (Rahayu et al 2020), by having reliable the four components, i.e. Monitoring and Warning Service, Dissemination & Communication, Risk Knowledge and Response Capability. The first one is part of upstream component, while the rest are downstream component.
The existing flood monitoring and detecting in most river in Jakarta including Ciliwung River relied on manual water level measurement at the flood gate or dams. The real time advance monitoring, detecting and well as real time impact based flood model are ongoing process of development for Greater Metropolitan Jakarta area. Alerting the people need to be advanced from the existing sirens, CCTV, community based alerting system (Rahayu et al 2010). Â The community response and readiness of the stakeholder toward flood warning should be improved and tested regularly.Â
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-85-AC1 -
RC2: 'Reply on RC1', Anonymous Referee #1, 10 Aug 2023
The author's response to the reviewer's comments are thoughtful and provide to a more comprehensive explanation of this very complex situation of increasing flood risk for the City of Jakarta. With these additions to the manuscript, I recommend publication.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-85-RC2 -
AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Harkunti P. Rahayu, 24 Sep 2023
Thank you very much, for your decision.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-85-AC3
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AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Harkunti P. Rahayu, 24 Sep 2023
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Harkunti P. Rahayu, 01 Aug 2023
-
RC3: 'Comment on nhess-2023-85', Anonymous Referee #2, 26 Aug 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://nhess.copernicus.org/preprints/nhess-2023-85/nhess-2023-85-RC3-supplement.pdf
- AC2: 'Reply on RC3', Harkunti P. Rahayu, 15 Sep 2023
Status: closed
-
RC1: 'Comment on nhess-2023-85', Anonymous Referee #1, 08 Jul 2023
This manuscript addresses a critical problem for Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, and provides a documented analysis of the primary drivers of increasing vulnerability to flooding for this major metropolitan region, economic hub of the country. The paper is very well done, but I suggest that the authors consider two additional factors in both the discussion and conclusion. First, there is little mention of climate change that is likely a factor contributing to the heavy rainfall. While extreme rainfall is acknowledged as an independent driver, the impact and severity of this driver are likely to increase, making changes in policy, practice, and coordination among the responsible agencies imperative across jurisdictions. Climate change will only intensify the risk of flooding. Second, there is no mention of advances in technology that enable more accurate, timely monitoring of flood risk and rising river levels that could be used to alert the affected communities and organizations. This reference could be added as a recommendation for sustainable monitoring of flood risk at the upstream, mid-stream, and downstream levels of flood risk management.
With these modest revisions, I recommend acceptance. Â
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-85-RC1 -
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Harkunti P. Rahayu, 01 Aug 2023
Thank you for the review of this paper. We agree the recommended additional factors to be discussed and argued further in discussion and conclusion. They are: climate change induces heavy rainfall and advances in technology in monitoring and detecting the flood control described in additional section 5.3 and 5.4 of the paper below.
5.2 Extreme Rainfall
The extreme rainfall is acknowledged in this study as an independent driver with moderate driving power. The fact that climate change is likely a factor contributing to the heavy rainfall has been discussed by many scholars, i.e. intensified short duration heavy rainfall (Tamm et al, 2023). Compounded with vulnerability factors, such as socio-demographic, economic, physical and environment factors, this heavy rainfall will lead to the increase the flood risk.
The impact and severity of this drive are likely to increase, making changes in transboundary policy, planning, practice and coordination among the responsible agencies imperative across jurisdiction. Several works on climate change adaptation and flood disaster risk reduction in Jakarta conducted were identified (Rahayu et al, 2020).
5.3. Flood Controls / Structural Mitigation
The study found that Flood control is a driving factor with low driving power but highly dependence, which gets inclined by other strong drivers. The experts’ judgments were only focused on structural flood control, such as building dams, levees, dykes/flood canals, reservoirs, polders and pump system. However, Jakarta has the highest people living at flood risk area, i.e. flood plain area, river banks. Alerting those people at risk before flood is significantly important. The existing flood early warning system needs to me improved by adopting people center early warning system (Rahayu et al 2020), by having reliable the four components, i.e. Monitoring and Warning Service, Dissemination & Communication, Risk Knowledge and Response Capability. The first one is part of upstream component, while the rest are downstream component.
The existing flood monitoring and detecting in most river in Jakarta including Ciliwung River relied on manual water level measurement at the flood gate or dams. The real time advance monitoring, detecting and well as real time impact based flood model are ongoing process of development for Greater Metropolitan Jakarta area. Alerting the people need to be advanced from the existing sirens, CCTV, community based alerting system (Rahayu et al 2010). Â The community response and readiness of the stakeholder toward flood warning should be improved and tested regularly.Â
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-85-AC1 -
RC2: 'Reply on RC1', Anonymous Referee #1, 10 Aug 2023
The author's response to the reviewer's comments are thoughtful and provide to a more comprehensive explanation of this very complex situation of increasing flood risk for the City of Jakarta. With these additions to the manuscript, I recommend publication.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-85-RC2 -
AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Harkunti P. Rahayu, 24 Sep 2023
Thank you very much, for your decision.
Citation: https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-85-AC3
-
AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Harkunti P. Rahayu, 24 Sep 2023
-
AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Harkunti P. Rahayu, 01 Aug 2023
-
RC3: 'Comment on nhess-2023-85', Anonymous Referee #2, 26 Aug 2023
The comment was uploaded in the form of a supplement: https://nhess.copernicus.org/preprints/nhess-2023-85/nhess-2023-85-RC3-supplement.pdf
- AC2: 'Reply on RC3', Harkunti P. Rahayu, 15 Sep 2023
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