1Agency for Roads, Bridges, and Waters Hamburg, Sachsenfeld 3–5, 20097 Hamburg, Germany
2Leichtweiß–Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 51a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
3Coastal Research Center, Joint Research Facility of Leibniz University Hannover and Technische Universität Braunschweig, Merkurstraße 11, 30419 Hannover, Germany
4Institute of Geography, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
1Agency for Roads, Bridges, and Waters Hamburg, Sachsenfeld 3–5, 20097 Hamburg, Germany
2Leichtweiß–Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstraße 51a, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
3Coastal Research Center, Joint Research Facility of Leibniz University Hannover and Technische Universität Braunschweig, Merkurstraße 11, 30419 Hannover, Germany
4Institute of Geography, Universität Hamburg, Bundesstraße 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
Abstract. External surges are a key component of extreme water levels in the North Sea. Caused by low pressure cells over the North Atlantic and amplified at the continental shelf, they can drive water level changes of more than one meter at the British, Dutch and German coast. This work describes an improved and automated method to detect external surges in sea surface time histories. The method is used to analyse tide gauge and meteorological records from 1995 to 2020 and to supplement an existing dataset of external surges, which is used in the determination of design heights of coastal protection facilities. Furthermore, external surges are analysed with regard to their annual and decadal variability, corresponding weather conditions and their interaction with storm surges in the North Sea. 33 % of the 101 external surge occur within close succession of each other, leading to the definition of serial external surges, in which one or more external surges follow less than 72 h after the previous external surge. These serial events tend occur more often during wind–induced storm surges. Moreover, the co–occurrence with a storm surge increases the height of an external surge by 15 % on average, highlighting the importance of the consideration of combined events in coastal protection strategies. The improved dataset and knowledge about serial external surges extend the available basis for coastal protection in the North Sea region.
External surges in the North Sea are caused by low pressure cells travelling over the Northeast Atlantic. They influence extreme water levels on the German coast and have to be considered in the design process of coastal defence structures. This study collects data about external surges from 1995–2020 and analyses their causes, behaviour and potential trends. External surges often occur less than 72 h apart, enabling a single storm surge to be influenced by more than one external surge.
External surges in the North Sea are caused by low pressure cells travelling over the Northeast...
