the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The OBS noise due to deep ocean currents
- 1Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- 2CEIIA, Av. D. Afonso Henriques, 1825, 4450-017 Matosinhos, Portugal
- 1Instituto Dom Luiz, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- 2CEIIA, Av. D. Afonso Henriques, 1825, 4450-017 Matosinhos, Portugal
Abstract. Ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) are usually deployed for seismological investigations but these objectives are impaired by noise resulting from ocean environment. We split the OBS recorded seismic noise into three domains, short-period, microseisms and long-period, also known as tilt-noise. We show that the first and third domains are controlled by bottom currents but these are not always a function of the tidal forcing. Instead we suggest that the ocean bottom has a flow regime resulting from two possible contributions, the permanent low frequency bottom current and the tidal current. The recorded noise displays the balance between these two currents along the full tidal cycle, between neap and spring tides. In the short-period noise band the ocean current generates harmonic tremors that corrupt the dataset records. We show that, in the analyzed cases, the harmonic tremors result from the interaction between the ocean current and mechanical elements of the OBS that are not essential for sea bottom recording and thus have no geological origin. The data from a new Broadband OBS type, designed and built at Instituto Dom Luiz (University of Lisbon)/CEIIA, hiding no essential components from current flow, shows how utmost of the harmonic noise can be eliminated.
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Carlos Corela et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on nhess-2022-196', Wolfram Geissler, 30 Jul 2022
Dear authors,
thank you for sharing your interesting results and innovations about the influence of environmental/oceanic parameters and technical limitations in the acquisition of ocean-bottom seismological data and ways to improve the quality of the recordings. The manuscript provide a highly valuable documentation how technical developments can lower the impact of instrument-generated noise on one side, but keep the handling of the instruments at the open sea still easy enough. Your contribution focuses on two important frequency bands that are influenced by instruemt-generated noise, that is originally caused by the action of deep geostrophic ocean bottom currents and temporally varying currents forced by the tides.
I think the manuscript needs some moderate revisions before it should get published. I provide most of the comments, questions and suggestions in the annotated manuscript. I will list the most important ones below. I hope they are helpful and constructive to improve the manuscript.
General comments:
The focus of the manuscript is on the noise that is generated by imperfect ocean bottom seismometers that were and still are used, and how to design better instruments to reduce that noise. I think you provide clear evidence that the new instrument designed at IDL has a much better performance regarding the noise impact of bottom and tidal currents. You should better focus on this aspect throughout the manuscript. It sometimes reads still like two separate manuscripts about the noise recorded previously with the standard OBS and the newly designed OBS. In that sense also, the title of the manuscript does not fully meet the content yet.
The manuscript needs in parts some restructuring. I would move several paragraphs to other chapters, e.g., lines 135-145 reads to me more like Introduction but not Data and Methods. Maybe the complete section 3 (Results and discussion) needs a better structure. Also results and discussion could/should be separated.
Also the model of Voet et al. (2020), which seems to be a fundamental base for the study should be explained in more detail. You take the amplitude of the noise in certain frequency/period bands as a proxy for current speed. I do not fully get that yet from the manuscript. Also, you should indicate later in the manuscript that you always interpret the proxy but not directly measured current speeds!
You discuss the influence on permanent geostrophic and tidal components of bottom currents. However, you never introduce the existing knowledge of currents in the study region. At least a map and short introduction to existing knowlegde on bottom (and tidal) currents is necessary as a base for your interpretations.
The instrument-sediment coupling was not at all explained and discussed but appears in the conclusions. Either extend that topic or leave it out.
Could you a bit more elaborate on the differences between NT OBS 01 and NT OBS03, with respect to their different locations (topography, bottom current regime).
Specific comments:
I miss a short statement about potential effects caused by the use of different types of seismometers.
Use abbreviations only, if you really need them. And if you use abbreviations all should be explained within the manuscript text and within the figure captions, separately.
How do you know about the noise frequencies caused by the antennas? Why the noise is not excited by the radio and flash light beacons?
What are "flow patterns" to you? (e.g., line 175)
What is a "energetic phenomenon"? (Line 221)
The language should be checked carefully at the end.
The Conclusions should be shortened. (but the discussion could be extended)
I do not fully get how you judge on flow directions. Can you also discuss briefly the influence of the distance of the studied stations to your tide reference station? Could you also show examples of stations that are not influenced that strong? Why these stations provide less noisy data? Is it all related to the currents or could there be other causes of noise (tremors etc.)?
How the flow gets turbulent? Is it the complete flow that gets turbulent, or do just the OBS components cause turbulences at a certain flow speed?
The figure should be marked with important information discussed in the manuscript. I put my specific comments next to the figures. It would be great if you could fully describe the plots in the captions or the manuscript text. There are sometimes features, that are not clear to the reader (related to the discussed problem or just something else not relevant to the study).
Why do you use different color scales throughout the manuscript?
Be consistent in using terms like "band" or "domain". (e.g., line 266)
With best regards, Wolfram Geissler
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Carlos Corela, 04 Sep 2022
Dear Referee, Dr. Wolfram Geissler,
Thank you for your extensive and constructive review of our manuscript. We´ve considered all the general and specific comments throughout the text. We hope that it corresponds to the fully extension of your review and minors the less positive aspects of our manuscript. It was a pleasure noticing that your revision was not only profound but also improved scientifically its content.
With best regards,
Carlos Corela
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AC2: 'Reply on RC1', Carlos Corela, 05 Sep 2022
Concerning the title of the manuscript instead of having “The OBS noise due to deep ocean currents” the new title is “The OBS noise due to deep ocean currents and sediments” to join to the discussion the OBS-sediments coupling resonance frequency. The main issue of this manuscript is the noise caused by the currents in the OBSs structures, however, the OBS is SW Iberia are deployed on sediments. The section 3 was restructure and increased with 3.3 Noise Levels on the NT OBS04 and LX OBS01.
“I think you provide clear evidence that the new instrument designed at IDL has a much better performance regarding the noise impact of bottom and tidal currents. You should better focus on this aspect throughout the manuscript.”
The new OBS is only mention with the main purpose to show the absent of harmonics tremors when we don’t have mechanical object strumming at the currents flow.
“The manuscript needs in parts some restructuring. I would move several paragraphs to other chapters, e.g., lines 135-145 reads to me more like Introduction but not Data and Methods.”
I have moved the subject from Data and Methods (135-145) to the introduction.
“Also the model of Voet et al. (2020), which seems to be a fundamental base for the study should be explained in more detail. You take the amplitude of the noise in certain frequency/period bands as a proxy for current speed. I do not fully get that yet from the manuscript. Also, you should indicate later in the manuscript that you always interpret the proxy but not directly measured current speeds!”
I add a new figure (Figure S1 in the supplement) and more explanation regarding the Voet et al., (2020).
I made clearer the sentence that the amplitude records between 20-60s are the proxy to the current speed. I focus the fact that we don’t have current meters at the seafloor.
“You discuss the influence on permanent geostrophic and tidal components of bottom currents. However, you never introduce the existing knowledge of currents in the study region. At least a map and short introduction to existing knowlegde on bottom (and tidal) currents is necessary as a base for your interpretations.”
I have introducing the current knowledge of the tides in SW Iberia. The kelvin wave propagates from south to North and the tides has elliptic paths. The permanent low-frequency flow current arrives from NW to SE (from generic maps – gulf stream) but here, in SW Iberia, I don’t find any authors with this subject on the deep ocean.
“Could you a bit more elaborate on the differences between NT OBS 01 and NT OBS03, with respect to their different locations (topography, bottom current regime).”
I give my interpretation of what I see in the OBS01 and OBS03 data records according to explain in Voet et al., (2020). According to what I see in OBS, I made a new figure explaining the tidal and low-frequency current flows. However, our intention is to focus on the OBS records and not in the oceanography subject.
“The instrument-sediment coupling was not at all explained and discussed but appears in the conclusions. Either extend that topic or leave it out.”
I choose to extend that topic. In the introduction I add this subject.
“I miss a short statement about potential effects caused by the use of different types of seismometers.”
I wrote about the potential effects of using different sensors and different configurations (in the OBS structure or small package disconnected from OBS structure).
“Use abbreviations only, if you really need them. And if you use abbreviations all should be explained within the manuscript text and within the figure captions, separately.”
Done. I gave more attention to abbreviation and wrote the project NEAREST (Integrated observations from NEAR shore sourcES of Tsunamis: towards an early warning system) and DEPAS (German instrument pool for amphibian seismology).
“How do you know about the noise frequencies caused by the antennas? Why the noise is not excited by the radio and flash light beacons?”
The noise frequencies caused by the antennas was study with flow simulation software and simulated on the running tank. If the noise was excited by the radio and flash light beacons something was needed to excite them, and the only possible mechanism was the OBS-sediment coupling resonant system. However, from Figure 9, the radio antenna resonance starts earlier than the OBS-sediment system.
“What are "flow patterns" to you? (e.g., line 175)”
The flow pattern was used to identified the same response of the instrument at different spring tides and neap tides.
“What is "energetic phenomenon"? (Line 221)”
The term energetic phenomenon was used to represents the von karman vortex process observed on OBS04. However, the term was corrected for increase amplitude and frequency.
“How the flow gets turbulent? Is it the complete flow that gets turbulent, or do just the OBS components cause turbulences at a certain flow speed?”
When the current flow, that impacts the OBS structure, is under a certain speed, the flow is laminar and the response of the instrument has a lower amplitude. After a certain speed (the threshold speed) the flow that impacts the OBS is observed in the rear part as a turbulent flow, different for the several components of the OBS, like rope, flag and radio antenna and the OBS structure himself, and the observed amplitude start to increase, from 60 to 20s, when the speed increase. Likewise, when the speed decreases the amplitude start to decrease, from 20s to 60s, and when the flow became laminar the amplitude of the signal between 20 and 60s decrease and return to its natural state. I explain this clearer in the review manuscript.
“Why do you use different color scales throughout the manuscript?”
All the figures have been corrected and we use the same color scale throughout the manuscript.
“Be consistent in using terms like "band" or "domain". (e.g., line 266)”
The term domain disappeared from the document and the term band was adopted.
We add one Figure S1 to the supplement file to show the balance between the tidal flow and low-frequency flow to help understand the mechanism that suppose exist in seafloor.
We add more 18 Figures to illustrate the spring, neap and string tide of NT OBS03.
We add one more Figure S40 to show an example of NT OBS12 that doesn’t show any evidence of tilt noise and harmonic tremor.
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AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Carlos Corela, 04 Sep 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on nhess-2022-196', Anonymous Referee #2, 09 Sep 2022
The authors present the results of studying current induced noise in ocean-bottom seismometer data. They connect well-known noise generating mechanisms like short-period head-buoy strumming and long-period tilt and compare it to tidal recordings. The findings are definitely worth to be published, but the presentation is not sufficient enough yet. The discussion should be extended by information about the horizontal components and currents in the study area. I also recommend to show the spectrograms without normalisation to allow a comparison of amplitudes.
General remarks on the content:
- There is no information about currents and tides in this area discribed in the text. The different directions of deep water currents and tidal flows are essential for your conclusions, but how are they related at the OBS locations shown here? How does the sea floor topography affect the tides and currents, can this explain differences between the OBS? The maps shown in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.08.003 suggests this. Can the pattern of currents explain, why only 3 out of 24 OBS are affected by this? Can you estimate current speeds out of the noise?
- Why is only the vertical component used for this study? The currents and most OBS structures discussed in the text (frame, flag pole, antenna) are not omnidirectional, therefore differences between the horizontal components might give additional insights. Also should the orientation of the OBS be considered, especially for the discussion of the antenna and the flag pole. Are they oriented in a direction to the currents, that resonances can be excited at all?
- The findings of this study are very interesting. Unfortunately, the manuscript does not emphasise the new findings enough. All mechanisms described here have been discussed before, long-period tilt as well as head-buoy strumming. The combination of this leads to new insights, but this needs a more detailed discussion taking into account all information available.
General editorial remarks:
- Title should be more specific, this is not a review article, but focuses on special effects of a special OBS design.
- Please check references, several references mentioned in the text are missing in the list. Please check spelling of references, e.g. Stähler et al. was mispelled several times.
- Please check spelling, there are some mistakes. There are several very long sentences, which are difficult to understand.
- The OBS were named "NT OBS..", this suggests that "NT" is an official FDSN network code, which it is not (it is the code for the US geomagnetism program).
- Spectrograms: all spectrograms are normalised and, addionally, different color palette tables were used. This prevents the comparison of amplitudes, especially for the tilt noise. E.g. in Fig. 9, it seems that there is a very strong tilt noise all the time. Other signals like the microseisms look very different at the various spectrograms, this is very confusing. I strongly recommend to use real amplitudes and one common color palette table only.
- You discuss a large frequency range, switching between "Hz" and "seconds" is sometimes confusing. Please give both values, e.g.: "10 Hz / 0.1 s" .
Text:
- Line 19ff: The references seems to be chosen very arbitrarily with emphasis on own projects. OBS are common instruments, so it is not necessary give references here.
- Line 23ff: Please add the usage of hydrophones to this paragraph, which are important to understand noise. You refer to hydrophones (line 96) later, so it should be introduced before.
- Line 35ff: The noise discussed in this paper is not "self-noise", it is noise generated by currents. Electronic self-noise is an important criteria for the performance of the seismometers. E.g. the Güralp CMG-40 seismometers have a very high self noise below 10 seconds, this is clearly visible in the PPSD plots.
- Line 105: A PhD thesis might not be the appropriate reference here. You might cite some papers resulting from this project instead.
- Line 109/177: Is OBS03 located in the D. Henrique basin or at the Marques de Pombal plateau?
- Line 122: In this paper, only the behaviour in currents is compared, "performance" includes much more, e.g. self-noise of seismometers, data retrieval, etc.
- Results and discussion: Please split this section into two parts. The discussion is so far not sufficient enough and should be separated from the pure results.
- Line 188ff: Please move this paragraph to "Harmonic tremor structure".
- Line 196ff: How did you determine the sources for the various frequencies? How do you know, which frequencies belong to the flag pole and the radio antenna? Essing et al. discussed this issue in detail. Please explain the "natural frequency of OBS-sediment coupling".
- Line 230/231: The microseisms appear also in other spectrograms, please mention them also there.
- Line 232ff: This explanation is not sufficient enough. Why are you sure, that the 3.8 Hz signal is the sediment coupling? What should the reader see in the figure? The 3.8 Hz signal is hardly visible.
- Line 273: Essing et al. described the results of an experiment, where the head buoy was fixed and the harmonic tremor disappeared. This is not the best final sentence for a paper, maybe you add some more words about the consequences of your findings.
Figures:
- Fig. 1: The different scaling for upper and lower part of the spectrogram is confusing. Maybe you should use "frequencies" on the left side and "periods" on the right side. Please mark and mention all features visible in the spectrograms, e.g. whale calls, microseisms, etc. Is the noise gap at 1 Hz real or an artefact? Which parameters (Window length, etc.) were used for calculating the spectrograms? Caption: consider to write "Spectrogram insteas of "Noise domain". First sentence is too long and confusing.
- Fig. 2: The OBS locations and annotations are very difficult to see and read. Maybe the map section should be chosen differently. Please remove all annotations, which are not mentioned in the text, most geographic features are not relevant for this paper. Some arrows or similar showing the main bottom currents should be added, see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.09.013 for an example.
- Fig. 3: I do not think, using pictures from web sites is a good idea. Are there no own photographs from the NEAREST experiment available? Caption: Why is the caption "NEAREST" when just some OBS are shown?
- Fig. 4: Caption: The description of seismometer and hydrophones should be moved to the text. Or add the same information to Fig. 3. The last sentence is incomplete.
- Fig. 5: Why is there an aprupt change in amplitude at 1 Hz, is this an artefact? Please profide a scale for the Sines curve. Caption: The last sentence can be deleted, the nature of tides is already explained in the text.
- Fig. 8: Why are the amplitudes normalised? A comparion of amplitudes at the different stages would be very interesting, e.g. is C constant all the time? How was the lower part of the figure calculated? - Fig. 11: Are these spectrograms also normalised?
- Supplement: Are the seismograms also normalised or do they have the same scaling? In some spectrograms, e.g. 2017-09-12 12:00, are stong noise amplitudes ("red blobs") visible below 1 Hz. What is this?
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AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Carlos Corela, 17 Oct 2022
The authors present the results of studying current induced noise in ocean-bottom seismometer data. They connect well-known noise generating mechanisms like short-period head-buoy strumming and long-period tilt and compare it to tidal recordings. The findings are definitely worth to be published, but the presentation is not sufficient enough yet. The discussion should be extended by information about the horizontal components and currents in the study area. I also recommend to show the spectrograms without normalization to allow a comparison of amplitudes.
General remarks on the content:
- There is no information about currents and tides in this area described in the text. The different directions of deep-water currents and tidal flows are essential for your conclusions, but how are they related at the OBS locations shown here? How does the sea floor topography affect the tides and currents, can this explain differences between the OBS? The maps shown in https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2018.08.003 suggests this. Can the pattern of currents explain, why only 3 out of 24 OBS are affected by this? Can you estimate current speeds out of the noise?
Considering two papers from Hernández-Molina. The first from 2011 (DOI:10.1007/s00367-011-0242-2) and the second from 2016 (DOI:10.1016/j.margeo.2015.12.008) is possible to highlight the circulation of water masses in SW Iberia and the influence of tides in the same study area. Both papers have details explanations how the deep-water masses and tides behave in terms of the topography, where their actions are more pronounce showing maps where the mean bottom-current speed are more relevant. I added this information and in Figure 2 of the manuscript I have the water masses directions and the directions of the tides. This added information is of great value and enhanced the value of this manuscript.
- Why is only the vertical component used for this study? The currents and most OBS structures discussed in the text (frame, flag pole, antenna) are not omnidirectional, therefore differences between the horizontal components might give additional insights. Also, should the orientation of the OBS be considered, especially for the discussion of the antenna and the flag pole. Are they oriented in a direction to the currents, that resonances can be excited at all?
In the new manuscript I added the spectrograms of the Y horizontal components. In 24 OBS only ten have all components with data and the OBS in focus (OBS01) has no data in X component. However, the cross-coupling due to tilt noise is very well pronounced in the vertical component. We designed the lobster in Solidworks software which have one fluid package simulation. When the speed flow is slow (< 5cm/s) the flow is laminar and we don’t observe movement in the flag and radio antenna. However, when the speed flow increases and the flow became turbulent, the flag and radio antenna start to move and when the flow is in phase (0º or 180º) we observed vertical movement on the flag and antenna. If we increase the angle between the flow and the OBS (+/-) the movement became an ellipse and when we reach 90º or 270º the movement is horizontal. In every angle we detect movement in the flag and radio antenna, more or less energetic but it’s there.
- The findings of this study are very interesting. Unfortunately, the manuscript does not emphasize the new findings enough. All mechanisms described here have been discussed before, long-period tilt as well as head-buoy strumming. The combination of this leads to new insights, but this needs a more detailed discussion considering all information available.
General editorial remarks:
- Title should be more specific, this is not a review article, but focuses on special effects of a special OBS design.
Ok. We will change the title to support the new OBS design and the findings.
- Please check references, several references mentioned in the text are missing in the list. Please check spelling of references, e.g. Stähler et al. was mispelled several times.
From the first reviewers we have already made all corrections regarding the references.
- Please check spelling, there are some mistakes. There are several very long sentences, which are difficult to understand.
We have already corrected hard sentences and streamline the most complicated sentences.
- The OBS were named "NT OBS..", this suggests that "NT" is an official FDSN network code, which it is not (it is the code for the US geomagnetism program).
I have named NT OBS just to differentiate from the new OBS. The FDSN code from the NEAREST project was That is correct with the new FDSN code from the NEAREST campaign.
- Spectrograms: all spectrograms are normalized and, additionally, different color palette tables were used. This prevents the comparison of amplitudes, especially for the tilt noise. E.g. in Fig. 9, it seems that there is a very strong tilt noise all the time. Other signals like the microseisms look very different at the various spectrograms, this is very confusing. I strongly recommend to use real amplitudes and one common color palette table only.
Now we use the same color palette with real amplitudes.
- You discuss a large frequency range, switching between "Hz" and "seconds" is sometimes confusing. Please give both values, e.g.: "10 Hz / 0.1 s" .
When we work in ambient seismic noise we work in periods and for me was the natural way to do the figures to show linear scales. However, I will add the frequency as well. Stähler et al. used the spectrograms with the scale in frequencies and periods.
Text:
- Line 19ff: The references seem to be chosen very arbitrarily with emphasis on own projects. OBS are common instruments, so it is not necessary give references here.
Ok. We take out the references.
- Line 23ff: Please add the usage of hydrophones to this paragraph, which are important to understand noise. You refer to hydrophones (line 96) later, so it should be introduced before.
I add the hydrophone in the first lines of the manuscript.
- Line 35ff: The noise discussed in this paper is not "self-noise", it is noise generated by currents. Electronic self-noise is an important criterion for the performance of the seismometers. E.g. the Güralp CMG-40 seismometers have a very high self-noise below 10 seconds, this is clearly visible in the PPSD plots.
Corrected. The first attempt to describe OBS behavior in terms of current-generated noise was made near Hawaii.
- Line 105: A PhD thesis might not be the appropriate reference here. You might cite some papers resulting from this project instead.
This is my PhD thesis. I published in Ambient seismic noise which is one of my areas of study. However, in this work I write about the natural frequency of the OBS-sediment resonance behavior, the orientation of OBS in the sea-bottom, harmonic tremors, short duration events, tides, microseismic, infragravity waves, swell and local waves and surface wind, clock drift, all kind of signals recorded during the NEAREST campaign.
- Line 109/177: Is OBS03 located in the D. Henrique basin or at the Marques de Pombal plateau?
OBS03 is located in D. Henrique basin. In Marques de Pombal plateau is located OBS06. The sentence was corrected.
- Line 122: In this paper, only the behavior in currents is compared, "performance" includes much more, e.g. self-noise of seismometers, data retrieval, etc.
Ok. The term “performance” was not well used. The more correct term should be differences between OBSs data records showing spectrograms and PPSD for the all-time and some periods.
- Results and discussion: Please split this section into two parts. The discussion is so far not sufficient enough and should be separated from the pure results.
Ok. Already done.
- Line 188ff: Please move this paragraph to "Harmonic tremor structure".
Already corrected with the previous reviewer.
- Line 196ff: How did you determine the sources for the various frequencies? How do you know, which frequencies belong to the flag pole and the radio antenna? Essing et al. discussed this issue in detail. Please explain the "natural frequency of OBS-sediment coupling".
What is observed in the LOBSTER OBS components, between 0.5Hz until 7Hz in Harmonic tremors, is the rope, flag, radio antenna and the natural-frequency of the OBS-sediments coupling. The other components of the LOBSTER OBS doesn’t do anything inside this frequency interval. When the strouhal frequency is close to the component resonant frequency the harmonic tremor, from this component, arise. For the radio antenna the stroudhal frequency match the resonant frequency when the speed current is 5.7cm/s and that why the harmonic tremor of radio antenna shows up since the beginning around 6Hz. For the Flag the match between the frequencies happen when the current speed is around 15cm/s, and that is the reason why the harmonic tremor from the flag appears only when the current speed is at the maximun. This appears in the discussion section.
In the new introduction I have explain the work done in Hawaii in 1980’s regarding the natural frequency of OBS-sediment coupling and the frequencies associated with OBS with the sensors attached to the structure. In my PhD thesis I explain this problem and illustrated spectrogram for the all-time campaign showing this persistent signal adjusting in the first few months of deploying (frequency gliding, until the connection to the sediment became rigid) and then maintain until the end of recording.
- Line 230/231: The microseisms appear also in other spectrograms, please mention them also there.
Ok, already done is the new version.
- Line 232ff: This explanation is not sufficient enough. Why are you sure, that the 3.8 Hz signal is the sediment coupling? What should the reader see in the figure? The 3.8 Hz signal is hardly visible.
The first iteration of the new OBS was made with the sensors attach to the OBS structure. When this happen the natural frequency of OBS-sediment coupling will be inside our interesting interval between 1 and 8 Hz. In the new manuscript I have one figure in the supplementary file showing this resonant frequency for the all time recording.
- Line 273: Essing et al. described the results of an experiment, where the head buoy was fixed and the harmonic tremor disappeared. This is not the best final sentence for a paper, maybe you add some more words about the consequences of your findings.
Ok. In discussion I will remark the Essing et al. results. In the UPFLOW campaign we have prepared all the LOBSTER OBS with the rope attach to the OBS.
Figures:
- Fig. 1: The different scaling for upper and lower part of the spectrogram is confusing. Maybe you should use "frequencies" on the left side and "periods" on the right side. Please mark and mention all features visible in the spectrograms, e.g. whale calls, microseisms, etc. Is the noise gap at 1 Hz real or an artefact? Which parameters (Window length, etc.) were used for calculating the spectrograms? Caption: consider to write "Spectrogram insteas of "Noise domain". First sentence is too long and confusing.
Ok. The new figures have all signals mentions and how the spectrograms are made.
- Fig. 2: The OBS locations and annotations are very difficult to see and read. Maybe the map section should be chosen differently. Please remove all annotations, which are not mentioned in the text, most geographic features are not relevant for this paper. Some arrows or similar showing the main bottom currents should be added, see http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2015.09.013 for an example.
Done, with the Antartic bottom water (AABW) and the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). These two masses are the ones that could influenced the OBS and the directions are in concordance to what is observed in the OBS records. The tides movement are as well mention in this Figure 2. I added colors for the OBS saying what are the OBS with harmonics tremors and the ones that doesn’t show any signal and correlate with the water masses and tides. In the supplementary material I had the PPSD of all stations in the spring tides.
- Fig. 3: I do not think, using pictures from web sites is a good idea. Are there no own photographs from the NEAREST experiment available? Caption: Why is the caption "NEAREST" when just some OBS are shown?
Ok. I will try to use photos from the NEAREST campaign.
- Fig. 4: Caption: The description of seismometer and hydrophones should be moved to the text. Or add the same information to Fig. 3. The last sentence is incomplete.
Ok. I will remove the description of seismometer and hydrophone from the figure. I have the same information on the text.
- Fig. 5: Why is there an abrupt change in amplitude at 1 Hz, is this an artefact? Please provide a scale for the Sines curve. Caption: The last sentence can be deleted. The nature of tides is already explained in the text.
No, it’s not an artefact. It’s the color scale. I will add below the Tide Sines curve with the proper units.
- Fig. 8: Why are the amplitudes normalized? A comparison of amplitudes at the different stages would be very interesting, e.g. is C constant all the time? How was the lower part of the figure calculated? - Fig. 11: Are these spectrograms also normalized?
With the normalized amplitudes the color scales are easier to make and with more resolution. I will add the amplitudes. No the signal C, which means natural frequency OBS-sediment coupling, increase amplitude during the harmonic tremor (flow is turbulent during this time) however, the amplitude of the antenna, rope and flag are higher when compared with that signal. The lower part of the Figure 8 is the vertical line at the different hours of the frequency window of the upper figure. The first figure is at 7h30m, the second at 09:30m and so on.
- Supplement: Are the seismograms also normalized or do they have the same scaling? In some spectrograms, e.g. 2017-09-12 12:00, are strong noise amplitudes ("red blobs") visible below 1 Hz. What is this?
It’s a distant earthquake from Sumatra with magnitude Mw 8.4
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AC3: 'Reply on RC2', Carlos Corela, 17 Oct 2022
Carlos Corela et al.
Carlos Corela et al.
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