the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Historical Tsunamis of Taiwan in the Eighteenth Century: the 1781 Jiateng Harbor Flooding and 1782 Tsunami Event
- 1Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
- 2Graduate Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Sciences, National Central University, Taiwan
- 3Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
- 4Earthquake-Disaster & Risk Evaluation and Management Center, National Central University, Taiwan
- 5Department of Earth Sciences, National Central University, Taiwan
- 6Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- 1Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
- 2Graduate Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Sciences, National Central University, Taiwan
- 3Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, Taiwan
- 4Earthquake-Disaster & Risk Evaluation and Management Center, National Central University, Taiwan
- 5Department of Earth Sciences, National Central University, Taiwan
- 6Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Abstract. This research aims to study two of the historical tsunamis occurred in Taiwan during the 18th century and to reconstruct the incidents. The 1781 Jiateng Harbor Flooding, recorded by the Chinese historical document, Taiwan Interview Catalogue, took place on the southwest coast of Taiwan. On the other hand, the 1782 Tsunami was documented in foreign languages, with uncertainties of the actual time. Reasoning these historical events requires not only carefully examining the literature records but also performing the scenarios that match the descriptions. The Impact Intensity Analysis (IIA) is employed to locate possible regions of tsunami sources in order to reproduce the events. Numerical simulations based on the Cornell Multi-Grid Coupled Tsunami Model (COMCOT) analyze the influence of different types of tsunami generated both by submarine mass failures and seismic activities. Numerical results indicate that the source of the 1781 Jiateng Harbor Flooding is located very possibly at the South South-West side of Taiwan. However, simulation results and historical records put the existence of the 1782 Tsunami in doubt, and the possibility of storm surges could not be ruled out.
Tien-Chi Liu et al.
Status: final response (author comments only)
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RC1: 'Comment on nhess-2021-346', Anonymous Referee #1, 13 Jan 2022
Review of the manuscript: "Historical Tsunamis of Taiwan in the Eighteenth Century: the 1781 Jiateng Harbor Flooding and 1782 Tsunami Event" by Tien-Chi Liu, Tso-Ren Wu, Shu-Kun Hsu.
The manuscript aims to provide a contribution to reconstruct two episodes, close in space and time, reported by historical documents in the area of Taiwan that could be potentially associated to one or two tsunami events. In my understanding, the main finding of this research consists in the collection of several proofs to claim that the episodes are two independent events and that in both cases a seismic source is very unlikely, inviting future researches to focus on submarine mass movement (for the 1781 event) and a storm surge (for the 1782 event).
The general impression is that the manuscript fits the aim and scope of the Journal event though, in its current form, is not ready for publication, since there are some issues that should be properly and carefully addressed.
Major comment:
In my opinion, a brief but exhaustive description of the IIA method in section 2 is required. Indeed, there is no description about the way in which the maximum elevations are calculated starting from the unit sources. All the references to previous works based on this method (Chung, 2018; Lee, 2014; Wu, 2017), as reported in the text, are in Chinese language only. If this method is unpublished in international peer-reviewed journals, it should be exhaustively described here.
Moderate comments:
1) I recommend to clarify already in the abstract that these two events are tricky not only for the difficulties in interpreting the existing documentation of both, but also because they resulted close enough in time and location to have raised the suspect, in some researchers, to be the same event.
This, at least to me, would make clearer also why the authors presented the two events together.
A short sentence before "Reasoning these historical events [...] " in the abstract could serve the scope.2) I recommend to add a Figure (a new Figure 1) to introduce the area of study, with a zoom in the two targets, in order to make the reader aware, since the beginning, of the regional context and the distances between the two sites. In this new figure, I suggest also to include the location of some features described later on in the text (canyons, faults, etc) in order to provide a reference between the real geography of the area and what described in the text.
3) The references for the bathymetry data with resolution 100 m used for the two near-field models should be provided (line 96). I suppose (but I am not sure) that this is different from what described for the data used with the nested-grids in COMCOT (lines 173-179).
4) I did not understand why the high-resolution IIA (Figure 3) is shown for the Jiateng target only. What about Tainan?
5) What the sentence "the asperity effect was also applied" (line 155) means in practice? At least a brief sentence about this should be provided.
6) At line 170, it seems that nonlinear equation were used for SMF only, but I guess that they have been used for the seismic sources as well. Authors should better clarify this point. Also, what is the reason for the selected Manning coefficient value (line 171)? 0.013 is a quite low friction, often used in presence of plain surfaces and no obstacles.
7) At line 183 is reported: "1 zhang approximately equals to 3 - 1/3 m" but I am not sure to have understood which is the exact correspondence in meters.
8) Section 3.1: I suggest to provide some more details on the position of the numerical gauge, as the water depth of the point and a zoomed map with the position respect with the coastline (an inset in Figure 5 could be enough)
9) At line 235 I suggest to change the sentence in "[...] COMCOT seems to confirm [...]".
I would be more prudent on what the modelling results are indicating, since the parameters of the potential sources are quite uncertain for these events of the past. Modelling a few scenarios can help to support some hypotheses in broad terms, but I would be careful in drawing definitive conclusions.
Minor suggestions:line 12: "[...] , titled Taiwan Interview Catalague, [...]"
line 70-74: I suggest to slightly rephrase these sentences, since it seems to me that the reader could be a bit confused. I suggest something similar to the following: "Second, from the words “Voici ce que je lis dans J. L. Ab Indagine L. M.” (i.e., "Here is what I read from J. L. Ab Indagine L. M.") in Perrey (1862), it is reasonable to believe that most of the content in that document is quoted from the German report Philosophisch und physikalische Abhandlungen (Jäger, 1784). After examining these two documents, it is also suspected that the date of a second letter sent from Beijing to Versailles was reported with a typographical error about the year. Indeed, the date “En décembre 1682” is found in Perrey's [...] "
line 106: "[...] where the submarine structures are located, [...]" ?
line 120: "broader"?
line 167: I suggest to use quotation marks for the sentence ("subterranean movements causing the whole island to shake and be devastated; the earthquake lasted for 8 hours"), in order to emphasize the quotation.
line 242: If I understand the sentence, I would rephrase as "Moreover, it is unlikely that a severe tsunami in 1782 was not reported by any Chinese document."
line 244: "[...] the French record as reported by Perry (1862) [...]"
line 245: "[...] the historical documents cited by Perry [...]"
- AC1: 'Reply on RC1', Tso-Ren Wu, 01 Mar 2022
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RC2: 'Comment on nhess-2021-346', Anonymous Referee #2, 20 Jan 2022
The manuscript provides new historical records related to the 1782 Taiwan event and conducted a series numerical experiment to explore the possible sources of this mysterious event. The tsunami hazard awareness in the South China Sea region is relatively low partly due to the ambiguity of major historical events. Understanding the source mechanism of historical events could help us better preparing and mitigating future hazards. This manuscript will well contribute to such efforts. The manuscript can be improved in the following aspects.
Major comments:
- The introduction section can be better structured. Instead of listing the historical records and previous studies, some scientific questions/current issues could be raised in the very beginning. In the end of the introduction, readers may expect a brief explanation of the content in the following sections.
- The authors mentioned the possibility of storm surges could not be ruled out, one paragraph reviewing the most serious impact posed by past storm surge events could be very helpful for readers to understand the potential magnitudes.
- After reading the newly added historical records in German, the possibility of volcanic eruption cause should be more carefully reevaluated, especially after the Tonga volcanic tsunami which occurred in Jan 15, 2022.
Minor comments:
- Line 32, a more detailed historical records should be added in the reference, Lau et al., 2010, NHESS, Written records of historical tsunamis in the northeastern South China Sea – challenges associated with developing a new integrated database.
- Line 40 in the Introduction, “Qin dynasty” should be “Qing dynasty”
- Line 120, “boarder”-“broader”
- AC2: 'Reply on RC2', Tso-Ren Wu, 01 Mar 2022
Tien-Chi Liu et al.
Tien-Chi Liu et al.
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