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  <front>
    <journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">NHESS</journal-id><journal-title-group>
    <journal-title>Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences</journal-title>
    <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">NHESS</abbrev-journal-title><abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
  </journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1684-9981</issn><publisher>
    <publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
    <publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
  </publisher></journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/nhess-26-4353-2026</article-id><title-group><article-title>Brief communication: Keeping pace with human factors in avalanche decision-making – an update to the NHESS scoping review (2023–2026)</article-title><alt-title>Keeping pace with human factors in avalanche decision-making</alt-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes" rid="aff1 aff2">
          <name><surname>Hetland</surname><given-names>Audun</given-names></name>
          <email>audun.hetland@uit.no</email>
        <ext-link>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1299-8077</ext-link></contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1 aff2">
          <name><surname>Myksvoll</surname><given-names>Olav K.</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1 aff2">
          <name><surname>Westerlund</surname><given-names>Tarjei</given-names></name>
          
        <ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2787-0157</ext-link></contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff1 aff4">
          <name><surname>Mannberg</surname><given-names>Andrea</given-names></name>
          
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="no" rid="aff3">
          <name><surname>Hetland</surname><given-names>Rebecca A.</given-names></name>
          
        <ext-link>https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6998-9697</ext-link></contrib>
        <aff id="aff1"><label>1</label><institution>CARE (Center for Avalanche Research and Education), UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2"><label>2</label><institution>Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3"><label>3</label><institution>Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4"><label>4</label><institution>School of Business and Economics, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes><corresp id="corr1">Audun Hetland (audun.hetland@uit.no)</corresp></author-notes><pub-date><day>8</day><month>September</month><year>2026</year></pub-date>
      
      <volume>26</volume>
      <issue>9</issue>
      <fpage>4353</fpage><lpage>4355</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received"><day>2</day><month>June</month><year>2026</year></date>
           <date date-type="rev-request"><day>12</day><month>June</month><year>2026</year></date>
           <date date-type="accepted"><day>27</day><month>July</month><year>2026</year></date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Copyright: © 2026 Audun Hetland et al.</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
      <license license-type="open-access"><license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/</ext-link></license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/26/4353/2026/nhess-26-4353-2026.html">This article is available from https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/26/4353/2026/nhess-26-4353-2026.html</self-uri><self-uri xlink:href="https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/26/4353/2026/nhess-26-4353-2026.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/26/4353/2026/nhess-26-4353-2026.pdf</self-uri>
      <abstract><title>Abstract</title>

      <p id="d2e140">We update our NHESS scoping review of human factors in avalanche decision-making to include 35 peer-reviewed studies published 1 January 2023–13 May 2026. The new studies concentrates in Decision-making strategies (9/35), with additions to Willingness to take risk (5/35), Population characteristics (4/35), Theory and Methods (5/35), Risk communication (3/35), Social factors and group decision-making (3/35), Risk perception (2/35), and Avalanche accidents (1/35), Motivation (1/35); Avalanche education (1/35), Experience (1/35), none in Biases. Methods and sampling resemble the baseline. We recommend causal identification, behavioral linkage, and group-level designs. Data and scripts are openly provided; this is a time-bounded snapshot with a defined cut-off.</p>
  </abstract>
    
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>NordForsk</funding-source>
<award-id>105061</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
  </front>
<body>
      

<sec id="Ch1.S1" sec-type="intro">
  <label>1</label><title>Introduction</title>
      <p id="d2e152">Human exposure and choices remain central to avalanche risk. Our recent NHESS scoping review synthesized 70 peer-reviewed studies published by 31 December 2022, organizing a heterogeneous literature into 12 themes with a common codebook and open data. To maintain that reference as a living resource, we provide a time-bounded update through 13 May 2026, applying the identical protocol. The goals are to (i) report where growth occurred since 2022, (ii) flag where gaps persist, and (iii) suggest practical priorities for research, education, and operations.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Ch1.S2">
  <label>2</label><title>Methods and data</title>
      <p id="d2e163">Eligibility and scope followed the NHESS review: peer-reviewed English-language studies where human factors are central to risk assessment and/or decisions by individuals personally exposed in avalanche terrain (recreationists, guides, educators, patrollers, forecasters). We excluded rescue/medical-only, purely technical snow/terrain/forecasting, and operational risk management where the decision-maker is not personally exposed. “Ahead-of-print” items were included if DOI-assigned by the cut-off.</p>
      <p id="d2e166">Information sources and search replicated the original multi-database strategy (Web of Science, Scopus, PsycInfo, Hospitality and Tourism Complete, ProQuest, ISSW proceedings; Google Scholar for scoping) using the unchanged two-bin Boolean logic (“human factor” <inline-formula><mml:math id="M1" display="inline"><mml:mo>×</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> “avalanche”) on titles/abstracts/keywords. Deduplication, dual screening, and dual extraction followed the published protocol; studies were assigned up to three of the 12 themes and coded for methods, population, risk target, focus, and explanatory factors. The cut-off is 13 May 2026.</p>
</sec>
<sec id="Ch1.S3">
  <label>3</label><title>Results and discussion</title>
      <p id="d2e185">We identified 35 eligible peer-reviewed studies: 2023: 7, 2024: 3, 2025: 17, 2026: 8. Most additions appeared in 2025. Theme distribution (primary, TAG 1). Dominant: Decision-making strategies (9/35; 25.7 %). Additional primary themes: Theory and Methods (5/35; 14.3 %), Willingness to take risk (5/35; 14.3 %), Population characteristics (4/35; 11.4 %), Risk communication (3/35; 8.6 %), Social factors &amp; group decision-making (3/35; 8.6 %), Risk perception (2/35; 5.7 %), and single instances of Avalanche accidents (1/35; 2.9 %), Avalanche education (1/35; 2.9 %), Experience (1/35; 2.9 %), and Motivation (1/35; 2.9 %). No papers were identified under Biases. Methods and sampling resemble the baseline. We recommend causal identification, behavioural linkage, and group-level designs. Data and scripts are openly provided; this is a time-bounded snapshot with a defined cut-off. A full overview of the papers including tags and codes can be found and downloaded through this link: <uri>https://osf.io/u9ydm/files/wrcj7</uri> (last access: 4 August 2026). The list of all the 105 papers from the initial review and the current update can be found through this link: <uri>https://osf.io/u9ydm/files/4t9w3</uri> (last access: 4 August 2026).</p>

<table-wrap id="T1"><label>Table 1</label><caption><p id="d2e197">Primary Theme Distribution Across 35 Eligible Studies.</p></caption><oasis:table frame="topbot"><oasis:tgroup cols="3">
     <oasis:colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" align="left"/>
     <oasis:colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" align="right"/>
     <oasis:colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" align="right"/>
     <oasis:thead>
       <oasis:row rowsep="1">
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Theme</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2"><inline-formula><mml:math id="M5" display="inline"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula></oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">%</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
     </oasis:thead>
     <oasis:tbody>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Decision-making strategies</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">9</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">25.7</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Theory and Methods</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">5</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">14.3</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Willingness to take risk</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">5</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">14.3</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Population characteristics</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">4</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">11.4</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Risk communication</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">3</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">8.6</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Social factors and group decision-making</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">3</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">8.6</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Risk perception</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">2</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">5.7</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Avalanche accidents</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">1</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">2.9</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Avalanche education</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">1</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">2.9</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Experience</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">1</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">2.9</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Motivation</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">1</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">2.9</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row rowsep="1">
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Biases and decision-making errors</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">0</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">0.0</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
       <oasis:row>
         <oasis:entry colname="col1">Total</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col2">35</oasis:entry>
         <oasis:entry colname="col3">100.0</oasis:entry>
       </oasis:row>
     </oasis:tbody>
   </oasis:tgroup></oasis:table><table-wrap-foot><p id="d2e200">Note: <inline-formula><mml:math id="M2" display="inline"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:math></inline-formula> <inline-formula><mml:math id="M3" display="inline"><mml:mo>=</mml:mo></mml:math></inline-formula> number of studies assigned primary theme tag. Percentages are based on total eligible studies (<inline-formula><mml:math id="M4" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">35</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:math></inline-formula>).</p></table-wrap-foot></table-wrap>

      <fig id="F1"><label>Figure 1</label><caption><p id="d2e423">Primary themes spread by year of publication.</p></caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/26/4353/2026/nhess-26-4353-2026-f01.png"/>

      </fig>

</sec>
<sec id="Ch1.S4" sec-type="conclusions">
  <label>4</label><title>Conclusions</title>
      <p id="d2e440">Since 2022, human-factors papers in avalanche terrain have grown mainly in decision-process/strategy work and user characterization; biases and accident-centric analyses did not expand in this window. The methodological and sampling profile appears unchanged. Priorities are clear: causal designs, behavioral linkage, and group-level studies within a standardized measurement framework.</p>
</sec>

      
      </body>
    <back><notes notes-type="dataavailability"><title>Data availability</title>

      <p id="d2e449">All extraction sheets (themes, methods, populations, risk targets, focus), figures, and scripts are openly provided and will be versioned with additions beyond the cut-off (<ext-link xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U9YDM" ext-link-type="DOI">10.17605/OSF.IO/U9YDM</ext-link>, Hetland et al., 2023, 2025).</p>
  </notes><notes notes-type="authorcontribution"><title>Author contributions</title>

      <p id="d2e458">Conceptualization: AH, RAH, AM; Methodology: RAH, AH; Screening/Extraction: OKM, AH; Analysis: AH, OKH, TW; Writing original draft: AH; Writing review and editing: all authors.</p>
  </notes><notes notes-type="competinginterests"><title>Competing interests</title>

      <p id="d2e464">The contact author has declared that none of the authors has any competing interests.</p>
  </notes><notes notes-type="disclaimer"><title>Disclaimer</title>

      <p id="d2e470">Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims made in the text, published maps, institutional affiliations, or any other geographical representation in this paper. The authors bear the ultimate responsibility for providing appropriate place names. Views expressed in the text are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.</p>
  </notes><ack><title>Acknowledgements</title><p id="d2e476">We thank colleagues and coders who contributed to the 2025 scoping review and this update.</p></ack><notes notes-type="financialsupport"><title>Financial support</title>

      <p id="d2e481">This research has been supported by the NordForsk (grant no. 105061).</p>
  </notes><notes notes-type="reviewstatement"><title>Review statement</title>

      <p id="d2e487">This paper was edited by Sven Fuchs and reviewed by Benjamin Zweifel and Philip A. Ebert.</p>
  </notes><ref-list>
    <title>References</title>

      <ref id="bib1.bib1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation>Hetland, A., Hetland, R., Westerlund, T., Myksvoll, O. K., and Mannberg, A.: Literature review data, extractions, codes and setup, OSF [data set], <ext-link xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U9YDM" ext-link-type="DOI">10.17605/OSF.IO/U9YDM</ext-link>, 2023. </mixed-citation></ref>
      <ref id="bib1.bib2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation>Hetland, A., Hetland, R. A., Skille, T. T., and Mannberg, A.: Review article: A scoping review of human factors in avalanche decision-making, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 929–948, <ext-link xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-929-2025" ext-link-type="DOI">10.5194/nhess-25-929-2025</ext-link>, 2025.</mixed-citation></ref>

  </ref-list></back>
    <!--<article-title-html>Brief communication: Keeping pace with human factors in avalanche decision-making – an update to the NHESS scoping review (2023–2026)</article-title-html>
<abstract-html/>
<ref-html id="bib1.bib1"><label>1</label><mixed-citation>
      
Hetland, A., Hetland, R., Westerlund, T., Myksvoll, O. K., and Mannberg, A.: Literature review data, extractions, codes and setup, OSF [data set], <a href="https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U9YDM" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U9YDM</a>, 2023.


    </mixed-citation></ref-html>
<ref-html id="bib1.bib2"><label>2</label><mixed-citation>
      
Hetland, A., Hetland, R. A., Skille, T. T., and Mannberg, A.: Review article: A scoping review of human factors in avalanche decision-making, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 25, 929–948, <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-929-2025" target="_blank">https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-25-929-2025</a>, 2025.

    </mixed-citation></ref-html>--></article>
