Preface: Linking faults to seismic hazard assessment in Europe

The title of this special issue, “Linking faults to seismic hazard assessment in Europe”, is the result of a challenging experiment that we have been carrying out for a few years: creating a working group of field geologists, fault modellers, data modellers, and seismic hazard practitioners to discuss and share ideas, promote initiatives to strengthen collaborations, and improve knowledge and practice of fault-based seismic hazard assessment. This special issue was designed in the framework of activity of the Fault2SHA Working Group (formally approved by the European Seismological Commission – ESC – at the 35th General Assembly, held in Trieste (Italy), in September 2016, http://www.fault2sha.net, last access: 9 May 2018). The key questions the Fault2SHA Working Group asked the research community with this special issue were as follows. What is the best strategy to fill in the gap in knowledge and expertise in Europe when considering faults in seismic hazard assessments? Are field geologists providing the relevant information for seismic hazard assessment? Are seismic hazard analysts interpreting field data appropriately? Is the full range of uncertainties associated with the characterization of faults correctly understood and propagated in computations? How can fault modellers contribute to a better representation of the long-term behaviour of fault networks in seismic hazard studies? Providing answers to these questions is fundamental in order to reduce the consequences of future earthquakes and improve the reliability of seismic hazard assessments. This special issue includes 11 papers focused on data gathering (García-Mayordomo et al., 2017; Hintersberger et al., 2018; Jomard et al., 2017) as well as seismic and surface rupture hazard modelling (Avital et al., 2018; Valentini et al., 2017; Chartier et al., 2017a, b; Gülerce et al., 2017; Azzaro et al., 2017; Peruzza et al., 2017; Boncio et al., 2018). Key points of the papers are as follows:


Published: 15 May 2018
The title of this special issue, "Linking faults to seismic hazard assessment in Europe", is the result of a challenging experiment that we have been carrying out for a few years: creating a working group of field geologists, fault modellers, data modellers, and seismic hazard practitioners to discuss and share ideas, promote initiatives to strengthen collaborations, and improve knowledge and practice of fault-based seismic hazard assessment. This special issue was designed in the framework of activity of the Fault2SHA Working Group (formally approved by the European Seismological Commission -ESC -at the 35th General Assembly, held in Trieste (Italy), in September 2016, http://www.fault2sha.net, last access: 9 May 2018).
The key questions the Fault2SHA Working Group asked the research community with this special issue were as follows. What is the best strategy to fill in the gap in knowledge and expertise in Europe when considering faults in seismic hazard assessments? Are field geologists providing the relevant information for seismic hazard assessment? Are seismic hazard analysts interpreting field data appropriately? Is the full range of uncertainties associated with the characterization of faults correctly understood and propagated in computations? How can fault modellers contribute to a better representation of the long-term behaviour of fault networks in seismic hazard studies?
Providing answers to these questions is fundamental in order to reduce the consequences of future earthquakes and improve the reliability of seismic hazard assessments.
Key points of the papers are as follows: 1. García-Mayordomo et al. (2017) discuss the process of updating and reviewing the Quaternary Active Fault Database of Iberia (QAFI); the authors devoted particular attention to describing the scheme devised for classifying the quality and representativeness of the geological evidence of Quaternary activity and the accuracy of slip rate estimation.
2. Hintersberger et al. (2018) show palaeoseismological investigations at an active fault of the Vienna Basin (Austria); this case study provided a good example of the necessity of combining more than one field observation and estimating the related uncertainties. 7. Azzaro et al. (2017) and Peruzza et al. (2017) are two companion papers concerning the seismic hazard assessment of Mt Etna (Italy); the first paper tackles the problem of characterizing low-magnitude and shallow seismic sources in a volcanic area, while the second one presents specific implementations and first seismic hazard results obtained for Mt Etna.
8. Chartier et al. (2017b) present a novel methodology that uses a system-level approach rather than an individualfault-level approach to estimate the rate of earthquakes on faults; the methodology was tested on the western Corinth Rift (Greece).
9. Boncio et al. (2018) discuss surface rupture hazard issues related to the collection of data from well-studied surface faulting thrust/reverse earthquakes around the world, the statistical analysis of the distribution of surface ruptures, and the implications for earthquake fault rupture zoning.
The aim of this special issue, in the framework of the Fault2SHA activities, was to motivate scientific exchanges among contributors from different disciplines, promoting growth of the community with a common language aimed to understand how faults can best be incorporated in seismic hazard studies; we believe that the papers in this volume pose a first step towards achieving this goal.