NHESS Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences NHESS Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 1684-9981 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/nhess-14-657-2014 Recent land subsidence caused by the rapid urban development in the Hanoi region (Vietnam) using ALOS InSAR data Dang V. K. 1 3 Doubre C. 2 Weber C. 1 Gourmelen N. 4 Masson F. 2 Laboratoire Image Ville et Environnement, ERL7230, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 3 rue de l'Argonne, 67083 Strasbourg CEDEX, France Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg, UMR7516, Université de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRS, 5 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg CEDEX, France Ha Noi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, EH10 4AR Edinburgh, UK 25 03 2014 14 3 657 674 Copyright: © 2014 V. K. Dang et al. 2014 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ This article is available from https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/14/657/2014/nhess-14-657-2014.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/14/657/2014/nhess-14-657-2014.pdf

Since the 1990s the land subsidence due to the rapid urbanization has been considered a severely destructive hazard in the center of Hanoi City. Although previous studies and measurements have quantified the subsiding deformation in Hanoi center, no data exist for the newly established districts in the south and the west, where construction development has been most significant and where groundwater pumping has been very intensive over the last decade. With a multi-temporal InSAR approach, we quantify the spatial distribution of the land subsidence in the entire Hanoi urban region using ALOS images over the 2007–2011 period. The map of the mean subsidence velocity reveals that the northern bank of the Red River appears stable, whereas some areas in southern bank are subsiding with a mean vertical rate up to 68.0 mm yr<sup>−1</sup>, especially within the three new urban districts of Hoang Mai, Ha Dong – Thanh Xuan and Hoai Duc – Tu Liem. We interpret the spatial distribution of the surface deformation as the combination of the nature of the unsaturated layer, the lowering of groundwater in the aquifers due to pumping withdrawal capacity, the increase of built-up surfaces and the type of building foundation. The piezometric level in <i>Q</i><sub>p</sub> aquifer lowers particularly after 2008, whereas the groundwater level in <i>Q</i><sub>h</sub> aquifer remains steady, even if it loses its seasonal fluctuation in urban areas and drawdowns in neighboring water production plants. The time evolution deduced from the InSAR time series is consistent with previous leveling data and shows that the lowering rate of the surface slightly decreases till 2008. The analysis of groundwater levels in instrumented wells shows a correlation between the behavior of groundwater with the urban development and the acceleration of groundwater withdrawal. Also, the time variations suggest that the deformation became non-stationary, with upward and downward transient displacements related to the charge and discharge of the aquifers.

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