<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="article-commentary" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">NHESS</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">NHESS</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1684-9981</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/nhess-14-1-2014</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Comment on &quot;Comparative study on earthquake and ground based transmitter induced radiation belt electron precipitation at middle latitude&quot;, by Sideropoulos et al. (2011)</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Sauvaud</surname>
<given-names>J.-A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Parrot</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Slominska</surname>
<given-names>E.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>IRAP-UMR5277, CNRS-University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>LPC2E, UMR7328, CNRS-University of Orléans, Orléans, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Space Research Center (CBK), Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>02</day>
<month>01</month>
<year>2014</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>14</volume>
<issue>1</issue>
<fpage>1</fpage>
<lpage>9</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2014 J.-A. Sauvaud et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2014</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/14/1/2014/nhess-14-1-2014.html">This article is available from https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/14/1/2014/nhess-14-1-2014.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/14/1/2014/nhess-14-1-2014.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/14/1/2014/nhess-14-1-2014.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>We show that many, if not all, electron bursts with energy dispersion claimed
to be earthquake precursors by Sideropoulos et al. (2011) are due to the
cyclotron resonance of electrons with monochromatic waves from VLF
transmitters. The geographic distribution of the VLF-related electron bursts
is established during a period in 2007, when the powerful NWC transmitter is
off and 20 more transmitters are operating.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="9"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Anagnostopoulos, G. C., Vassiliadis, and Pulinets, S.: Characteristics of flux-time profiles, temporal evolution, and spatial distribution of radiation-belt electron precipitation bursts in the upper ionosphere before great and giant earthquakes, Ann. of Geophysics, 55, 2012; &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.4401/ag-5365&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-5365&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Cohen, M. B. and Inan, U. S.: Terrestrial VLF transmitter injection into the magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A08310, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017992&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017992&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Cohen, M. B., Lehtinen, N. G., and Inan, U. S.: Modems of ionospheric VLF absorption of powerful ground based transmitters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L24101, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GL054437&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL054437&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Gamble, R. J., Rodger, C. J., Clilverd, M. A., Sauvaud, J. A., Thomson, N. R., Stewart, S. L., Mccormick, R. J., Parrot, M., and Berthelier, J.-J.: Radiation belt electron precipitation by man-made VLF transmissions, J. Geophys. Res., 113, A10211, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013369&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013369&lt;/a&gt;, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Gemelos, E. S., Inan, U. S., Walt, M., Parrot, M. and Sauvaud, J.-A.: Seasonal dependence of energetic electron precipitation, Evidence for a global role of lightning, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L21107, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040396&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GL040396&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Koons, H. C., Edgar, B. C., and Vampola, A. L.: Precipitation of inner zone electrons by whistle-mode waves from VLF transmitters UMS and NWC, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 640–648, 1981.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Li, X., Yugian, M., Wang, P., Wang, H., Lu, H., Zhang, X., Huang, J., Shi, F., Yu, X., Xu, Y., Meng, X., Wang, H., Zhao, X., and Parrot, M.: Study of the North West Cape electron belts observed by DEMETER satellite, J. Geophys. Res., 117, A04201, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017121&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017121&lt;/a&gt;, 2012.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Moreau, T.: Etude numérique et développement de spectromètres embarquables de particules chargées, Ph.D. Thesis, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Parrot, M., Inan, U. S., Lehtinen, N. G., and Pinçon, J. L. Penetration of lightning MF signals to the upper ionosphere over VLF ground-based transmitters, J. Geophys. Res., 114, A12318, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014598&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014598&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Parrot, M., Sauvaud, J. A., Soula, S., Pinçon, J. L., and Velde, O.: Ionospheric density perturbations recorded by DEMETER above intense thunderstorms, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 5169–5176, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50460&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50460&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Piša, D., Nĕmec, F., Santolik, O., Parrot, M., and Rycroft M.: Additional attenuation of natural VLF electromagnetic waves observed by the DEMETER spacecraft resulting from preseismic activity, J. Geophys. Res.-Space, 118, 5286–5295, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50469&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50469&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sauvaud, J. A., Moreau, T., Maggiolo, R., Treilhou, J.-P., Jacquey, C., Cros, A., Coutelier, J.-J., Rouzaud, J., Penou, E., and Gangloff : M., High-energy electron detection onboard DEMETER: The IDP spectrometer, description and first results on the inner belt, Planet. Space. Sci., 54, 502–511, 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sauvaud, J.-A., Maggiolo, R., Jacquey, C., Parrot, M., Berthelier, J.-J., Gamble, R. J., and Rodger, C. J.: Radiation belt electron precipitation due to VLF transmitters: Satellite observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L09101, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033194&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033194&lt;/a&gt;, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sauvaud, J.-A., Walt, M., Delcourt, D., Benoist, C., Penou, E., Chen, Y., Russell, C. T.: Inner radiation belt particle acceleration and energy structuring by drift resonance with ULF waves during geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1723–1736, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50125&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50125&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Selesnick, R. S., Albert, J. M., and Starks, M. J.: Influence of ground-based VLF radio transmitter on the inner electron radiation belt, J. Geophys. Res., 118, 628–635, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50095&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50095&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sidiropoulos, N. F., Anagnostopoulos, G., and Rigas, V.: Comparative study on earthquake and ground based transmitter induced radiation belt electron precipitation at middle latitudes, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 1901–1913, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1901-2011&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-1901-2011&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Zhang, X., Fidani, C., Huang, J., Shen, X., Zeren, Z., and Qian, J.: Burst increases of precipitating electrons recorded by the DEMETER satellite before strong earthquakes, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 197-209, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-197-2013&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-197-2013&lt;/a&gt;, 2013.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Zhang, Z., Li, X., Wu, S., Ma, Y., Shen, X., Chen, H., Wang, P., You, X., and Yuan, Y.: DEMETER, satellite observations of energetic particle prior to Chile earthquake, Chinese J. Geophys., 5, 1581–1590, English version at: arXiv:1011.3592v1, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>