<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">NHESS</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">NHESS</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1684-9981</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/nhess-12-615-2012</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Rockfall hazard and risk assessments along roads at a regional scale: example in Swiss Alps</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Michoud</surname>
<given-names>C.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Derron</surname>
<given-names>M.-H.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Horton</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Jaboyedoff</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Baillifard</surname>
<given-names>F.-J.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Loye</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Nicolet</surname>
<given-names>P.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Pedrazzini</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Queyrel</surname>
<given-names>A.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute of Geomatics and Risk Analysis, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Security service, Bagnes municipality, Switzerland</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>Ecole des Mines d&apos;Alès, Alès, France</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>14</day>
<month>03</month>
<year>2012</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>12</volume>
<issue>3</issue>
<fpage>615</fpage>
<lpage>629</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2012 C. Michoud et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2012</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/12/615/2012/nhess-12-615-2012.html">This article is available from https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/12/615/2012/nhess-12-615-2012.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/12/615/2012/nhess-12-615-2012.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/12/615/2012/nhess-12-615-2012.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>Unlike fragmental rockfall runout assessments, there are only few robust
methods to quantify rock-mass-failure susceptibilities at regional scale. A
detailed slope angle analysis of recent Digital Elevation Models (DEM) can be used to detect
potential rockfall source areas, thanks to the Slope Angle Distribution procedure. However, this
method does not provide any information on block-release frequencies inside
identified areas. The present paper adds to the Slope Angle Distribution of cliffs unit its normalized cumulative distribution function. This
improvement is assimilated to a quantitative weighting of slope angles,
introducing rock-mass-failure susceptibilities inside rockfall source areas
previously detected. Then rockfall runout assessment is performed using the
GIS- and process-based software Flow-R, providing relative frequencies for runout.
Thus, taking into consideration both susceptibility results, this approach
can be used to establish, after calibration, hazard and risk maps at
regional scale. As an example, a risk analysis of vehicle traffic exposed
to rockfalls is performed along the main roads of the Swiss alpine valley of
Bagnes.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="15"/></counts>
<funding-group>
<award-group id="gs1">
<funding-source>European Commission</funding-source>
<award-id>SAFELAND - Living with landslide risk in Europe: Assessment, effects of global change, and risk management strategies (226479)</award-id>
</award-group>
</funding-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Agliardi, F., Crosta, G. B., and Frattini, P.: Integrating rockfall risk assessment and countermeasure design by 3D modelling techniques, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1059–1073, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1059-2009&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1059-2009&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Baillifard, F., Jaboyedoff, M., and Sartori, M.: Rockfall hazard mapping along a mountainous road in Switzerland using a GIS-based parameter rating approach, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 3, 435–442, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-435-2003&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-435-2003&lt;/a&gt;, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bieniawski, Z. T.: Rock mass classification in rock engineering, in: Proceeding of the Symposium on Exploration for Rock Engineering, 1, edited by: Bieniawski, Z. T., Johannesburg, South Africa, 1–5 November 1976, 97–106, 1976.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Blahut, J., Horton, P., Sterlacchini, S., and Jaboyedoff, M.: Debris flow hazard modelling on medium scale: Valtellina di Tirano, Italy, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 2379–2390, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2379-2010&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-2379-2010&lt;/a&gt;, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Budetta, P.: Assessment of rockfall risk along roads, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 4, 71–81, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-71-2004&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-71-2004&lt;/a&gt;, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Cajos, J., Trocmé-Maillard, M., Huber, M., Arnold, P., Vollmer, U., Sandri, A., Raetzo, H. Dorren, L., Egli, T., Eberli, J., Knuchel, R., Kienholz, H., Donzel, M., Utelli, H. H., and Perren, B.: Risk concept for natural hazards on national roads, Federal Roads Office, 108 pp., available at &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.astra.admin.ch/&quot;&gt;http://www.astra.admin.ch/&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">CarPostal: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.carpostal.ch/&quot;&gt;http://www.carpostal.ch/&lt;/a&gt;, last access: 3 December 2010, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Cascini, L.: Applicability of landslide susceptibility and hazard zoning at different scales, Eng. Geol., 102, 164–177, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Corominas, J. and Moya, J.: A review of assessing landslide frequency for hazard zoning purposes, Eng. Geol., 102, 193–213, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Corominas, J., Copons, R., Moya, J., Vilaplana, J., Altimir, J., and Amigó, J.: Quantitative assessment of the residual risk in a rockfall protected area, Landslides, 2, 343–357, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Crosta, G. B. and Agliardi, F.: A methodology for physically based rockfall hazard assessment, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 3, 407–422, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-407-2003&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-407-2003&lt;/a&gt;, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Crosta, G. B., Agliardi, F., Frattini, P., and Imposimato, S.: A three-dimensional hybrid numerical model for rockfall simulation, Geophys. Res. Abstr., 6, 04502, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref13">
<label>13</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Derron, M.-H., Jaboyedoff, M., and Blikra, L. H.: Preliminary assessment of rockslide and rockfall hazards using a DEM (Oppstadhornet, Norway), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 285–292, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-285-2005&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-285-2005&lt;/a&gt;, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref14">
<label>14</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dorren, L. K. A.: A review of rockfall mechanics and modelling approaches, Prog. Phys. Geogr., 27, 69–87, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref15">
<label>15</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dorren, L. K. A.: Rockyfor3D (v4.0) revealed – Transparent description of the complete 3D rockfall model, ecorisQ paper, 28 pp., 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref16">
<label>16</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dorren, L. K. A. and Seijmonsbergen, A. C.: Comparison of the three GIS-based models for predicting rockfall runout zones at a regional scale, Geomorphology, 56, 49–64, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref17">
<label>17</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Dorren, L. K. A., Berger, F., le Hir, C., Mermin, E., and Tardif, P.: Mechanisms, effects and management implications of rockfall in forests, Forest Ecol. Manag., 215, 183–195, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref18">
<label>18</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fairfield, J. and Leymarie, P.: Drainage Networks from Grid Digital Elevation Models, Water Resour. Res., 27, 709–717, 1991.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref19">
<label>19</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fell, R., Ho, K. K. S., Lacasse, S., and Leroi, E.: A framework for landslide risk assessment and management, in: Landslide Risk Management, edited by: Hungr, O., Fell, R., Couture, R., and Eberhardt, E., Proceedings of the International Conference on Landslide Risk Management in Vancouver, Canada, 31 May – 3 June 2005, 3–25, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref20">
<label>20</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Fell, R., Corominas, J., Bonnard, C., Cascini, L., Leroi, E., and Savage, W. Z.: On behalf of the JTC-1 Joint Technical Committee on Landslides and Engineered Slopes: Guidelines for Landslide Susceptibility, Hazard and Risk Zoning for Land Use Planning, Eng. Geol., 102, 85–98, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref21">
<label>21</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Frattini, P., Crosta, G., Carrara, A., and Agliardi, F.: Assessment of rockfall susceptibility by integrating statistical and physically-based approaches, Geomorphology, 94, 419–437, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref22">
<label>22</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Gamma, P.: Dfwalk - Ein Murgang-Simulationsprogramm zur Gefahrenzonierung, Geographisches Institut der Universität Bern, Switzerland, 158 pp., 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref23">
<label>23</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Gilbert, G. K.: Geology of the Henry Mountains, US Geological and Geographical Survey of the Rocky Mountain Region, Government Printing O$/$ce, Washington, DC, 1877.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref24">
<label>24</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Gokceoglu, C., Sonmez, H., and Ercanoglu, M.: Discontinuity controlled probabilistic slope failure risk maps of the Altindag (settlement) region in Turkey, Eng. Geol., 55, 277–296, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref25">
<label>25</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Günther, A.: SLOPEMAP: programs for automated mapping of geometrical and kinematical properties of hard rock hill slopes, Comput. Geosci., 29, 865-875, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref26">
<label>26</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Günther, A., Carstensen, A., and Pohl, W.: Automated sliding susceptibility mapping of rock slopes, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 4, 95–102, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-95-2004&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-95-2004&lt;/a&gt;, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref27">
<label>27</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Guzzetti, F., Reichenbach, P., and Wieczorek, G. F.: Rockfall hazard and risk assessment in the Yosemite Valley, California, USA, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 3, 491–503, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-491-2003&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-3-491-2003&lt;/a&gt;, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref28">
<label>28</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Heim, A.: Bergsturz und Menschenleben, Fretz and Wasmuth Verlag, Zurich, 218 pp., 1932.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref29">
<label>29</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hoek, E. and Bray, J. W.: Rock Slope Engineering, 3rd edition, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, London, 1981.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref30">
<label>30</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hoek, E., Marinos, P., and Benissi, M.: Applicability of the Geological Strength Index (GSI) classification for very weak and sheared rock masses. The case of the Athens Schist Formation, Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 57, 151–160, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref31">
<label>31</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Holmgren, P.: Multiple flow direction algorithms for runoff modeling in grid based elevation models: an empirical evaluation, Hydrol. Process., 8, 327–334, 1994.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref32">
<label>32</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Horton, P., Jaboyedoff, M., and Bardou, E.: Debris flow susceptibility at a regional scale, 4th Canadian Conference on Geohazards, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada, 20–24 May 2008, 8 pp., 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref33">
<label>33</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Hungr., O., Evans, S. G., and Hazzard, J.: Magnitude and frequency of rock falls and rock slides along the main transportation corridors of southwestern British Columbia, Can. Geotech. J., 36, 227–238, 1999.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref34">
<label>34</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jaboyedoff, M. and Derron, M.-H.: Integrated risk assessment process for landslides, in: Landslide risk management, edited by Hungr, O., Fell, R., Couture, R. and Eberhardt, E., 776, Taylor and Francis, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref35">
<label>35</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jaboyedoff, M. and Labiouse, V.: Preliminary assessment of rockfall hazard based on GIS data, in: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on Rock Mechanics ISRM 2003 – Technology roadmap for rock mechanics, South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Johannesburg, South Africa, 8–12 September 2003, 575–778, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref36">
<label>36</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jaboyedoff, M. and Labiouse, V.: Technical Note: Preliminary estimation of rockfall runout zones, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 819–828, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-819-2011&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-819-2011&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref37">
<label>37</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jaboyedoff, M., Baillifard, F. J., Marro, C., Philippossian, F., and Rouiller, J. D.: Detection of rock instabilities: Matterock Methodology, Joint Japan-Swiss Scientific on Impact Load by Rock Falls and Design of Protection Structures, Kanazawa, Japan, 4–7 October 1999, 37–43, 1999.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref38">
<label>38</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jaboyedoff, M., Dudt, J. P., and Labiouse, V.: An attempt to refine rockfall hazard zoning based on the kinetic energy, frequency and fragmentation degree, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 621–632, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-621-2005&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-621-2005&lt;/a&gt;, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref39">
<label>39</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jaboyedoff, M., Oppikofer, T., Abellán, A., Derron, M.-H., Loye, A., Metzger, R. and Pedrazzini, A.: Use of LIDAR in landslide investigations: a review, Nat. Hazards, Springer Netherland, 61, 5–28, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9634-2&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-010-9634-2&lt;/a&gt;2012a.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref40">
<label>40</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jaboyedoff, M., Choffet, M., Derron, M.-H., Horton, P., Loye, A., Longchamp, C., Mazotti, B., Michoud, C., and Pedrazzini, A.: Preliminary slope mass movements susceptibility mapping using DEM and LiDAR DEM, in: Terrigenous Mass Mouvements, edited by: Pradhan, B., and Buchroithner, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 64 pp., in press, 2012b.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref41">
<label>41</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Jenson, S. K. and Domingue, J. O.: Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis, Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., 54, 1593–1600, 1988.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref42">
<label>42</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kappes, M. S., Malet, J.-P., Remaître, A., Horton, P., Jaboyedoff, M., and Bell, R.: Assessment of debris-flow susceptibility at medium-scale in the Barcelonnette Basin, France, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 627-641, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-627-2011https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-627-2011, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref43">
<label>43</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Kreyszig, E.: Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 9&lt;i&gt;&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/i&gt; edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1248 pp., 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref44">
<label>44</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Leroi, E.: Landslides hazard – risk maps at different scales: objectives, tools and developments, in: Proceedings of the 7th Int. Symp. on Landslides, Trondheim, Norway, 1, 35–51, 1996.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref45">
<label>45</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Locat, J., Leroueil, S., and Picarelli, L.: Some considerations on the role of geological history on slope stability and estimation of minimum apparent cohesion of a rock mass, in: Landslides in research, theory and practice, edited by: Bromhead, E., Dixon, N., and Ibsen, M. L., The 8th International Symposium on Landslides in Cardiff, Wales, 26–30 June 2000, 935–942, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref46">
<label>46</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Loye, A., Jaboyedoff, M., and Pedrazzini, A.: Identification of potential rockfall source areas at a regional scale using a DEM-based geomorphometric analysis, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1643–1653, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1643-2009&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1643-2009&lt;/a&gt;, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref47">
<label>47</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Michoud, C., Mazotti, B., Choffet, M., Dubois, J., Breguet, A., Métraux, V., and Jaboyedoff, M.: Advanced Susceptibility Mapping for Natural Hazards at a Local Scale – The Case of the Swiss Alpine Valley of Bagnes, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, 3–7 May 2010, EGU2010-4606, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref48">
<label>48</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Montgomery, D. R. and Brandon, M. T.: Topographic controls on erosion rates in tectonically active mountain ranges, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 201, 481–489, 2002.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref49">
<label>49</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">O&apos;Callaghan, J. F. and Mark, D. M.: The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data, Comput. Vision Graphics Image Process., 28, 328–344, 1984.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref50">
<label>50</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Oppikofer, T., Jaboyedoff, M., and Coe, J. A.: Rockfall hazard at Little Mill Campground, Uinta National Forest: Part 2. DEM analysis, in: First North American Landslide Conference – Landslides and Society: Integrated Science, Engineering, Management, and Mitigation, Vail, USA, 3–8 June 2007, 1351–1361, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref51">
<label>51</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Pierson, L. A., David, S. A., and Van Vickle, R.: Rockfall Hazard Rating System Implementation Manual, Oregon, 1990.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref52">
<label>52</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Piteau, D. R. and Peckover, F. L.: Engineering of Rock Slope, in: Landslides, Analysis and Control, Transportation Research Board, in: Special Report 176, edited by: Schuster, R. L. and Krizek, R. J., Washington, DC, 192–228, 1978.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref53">
<label>53</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Powell, J. W.: Report on the Geology of the Eastern Portion of the Uinta Mountains and a Region of Country Adjacent Thereto, US Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Government Printing O$/$ce, Washington, DC, 1876.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref54">
<label>54</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Ritchie, A. M.: Evaluation of rockfall and its control, in: Highway Research Record, 17, Highway Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 13–28, 1963.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref55">
<label>55</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rouiller, J.-D., Jaboyedoff, M., Marro, C., Philippossian, F., and Mamin, M.: Pentes instables dans le Pennique Valaisan. MATTEROCK: une méthodologie d&apos;auscultation des falaises et de detection des éboulements majeurs potentiels, Rapport final du PNR31, VDF Hochschulverlag AG, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 1998.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref56">
<label>56</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Sartori, M., Gouffon, Y., and Marthaler, M.: Harmonisation et définition des unités lithostratigraphiques briançonnaises dans les nappes penniques du Valais, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 99, 363–407, 2006.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref57">
<label>57</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Selby, M. J.: Controls on the stability and inclinations of hillslopes formed on hard rock, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 7, 449–467, 1982.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref58">
<label>58</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">SRCE (Daily Traffic during 2007, by the Roads and Rivers Office of the Canton of Valais): &lt;a href=&quot;http://mapserver-srce.kiperti.com/srce/carte.html&quot;&gt;http://mapserver-srce.kiperti.com/srce/carte.html&lt;/a&gt;, last access: 3 December 2010, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref59">
<label>59</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Strahler, A. N.: Equilibrium theory of erosional slopes approached by frequency distribution analysis, Am. J. Sci., 248, 673–696, 800–814, 1950.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref60">
<label>60</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Strahler, A. N.: Quantitative geomorphology of erosional landscapes, Compt. Rend, 19th Intern. Geol. Cong., Sec. 13, 341–354, 1954.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref61">
<label>61</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Terzaghi, K.: Mechanism of Landslides, The Geological Society of America, Eng. Geol. (Berkley), 83–123, 1950.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref62">
<label>62</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Terzaghi, K.: Stability of Steep Slopes on Hard Unweathered Rock, Géotechnique, 12, 251–270, 1962.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref63">
<label>63</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Toppe, R.: Terrain models – a tool for natural hazard mapping, IAHS, 162, 629–638, 1987.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref64">
<label>64</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Trümpy, R.: Geology of Switzerland – A Guide Book, Part A: An Outline of the Geology of Switzerland, Wepf &amp; Co, Basel, 104 pp., 1980.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref65">
<label>65</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Van Dijke, J. J. and Van Westen, C. J.: Rockfall hazard: a geomorphological application of neighbourhood analysis with ILWIS, ITC Journal, 1, 40–44, 1990.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref66">
<label>66</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Volkwein, A., Schellenberg, K., Labiouse, V., Agliardi, F., Berger, F., Bourrier, F., Dorren, L. K. A., Gerber, W., and Jaboyedoff, M.: Rockfall characterisation and structural protection – a review, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 2617–2651, &lt;a href=&quot;http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2617-2011&quot;&gt;https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-2617-2011&lt;/a&gt;, 2011.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref67">
<label>67</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wagner, A., Leite, E., and Olivier, R.: Rock and debris-slides risk mapping in Nepal – A user-friendly PC system for risk mapping, in: Proceedings of the fifth international symposium on landslides, Lausanne, Switzerland, 10–15 July 1988, 1251–1258, 1988.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref68">
<label>68</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Whalley, W. B.: Rockfalls, in: Slope Instability, edited by: Brunsden, D. and Prior, D. B., Wiley, Chichester, 217–256, 1984.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref69">
<label>69</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Wyllie, D. C. and Mah, C. W.: Rock Slope Engineering, Civil and Mining, 4th Edition, Taylor &amp; Francis, London and New-York, 2004.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>