<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD Journal Publishing DTD v3.0 20080202//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/nlm-dtd/publishing/3.0/journalpublishing3.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="3.0" xml:lang="en">
<front>
<journal-meta>
<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">NHESS</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title>Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences</journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">NHESS</abbrev-journal-title>
<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="nlm-ta">Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
</journal-title-group>
<issn pub-type="epub">1684-9981</issn>
<publisher><publisher-name>Copernicus Publications</publisher-name>
<publisher-loc>Göttingen, Germany</publisher-loc>
</publisher>
</journal-meta>
<article-meta>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5194/nhess-10-2215-2010</article-id>
<title-group>
<article-title>Communication architecture of an early warning system</article-title>
</title-group>
<contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Angermann</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Guenther</surname>
<given-names>M.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
<sup>2</sup>
</xref>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
<sup>3</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
<contrib contrib-type="author" xlink:type="simple"><name name-style="western"><surname>Wendlandt</surname>
<given-names>K.</given-names>
</name>
<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
<sup>1</sup>
</xref>
</contrib>
</contrib-group><aff id="aff1">
<label>1</label>
<addr-line>Institute for Communications and Navigation, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff2">
<label>2</label>
<addr-line>Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum GFZ, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany</addr-line>
</aff>
<aff id="aff3">
<label>3</label>
<addr-line>now at: Meteorological, Climatological and Geophysical Agency of Indonesia (BMKG), Jakarta, Indonesia</addr-line>
</aff>
<pub-date pub-type="epub">
<day>02</day>
<month>11</month>
<year>2010</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>11</issue>
<fpage>2215</fpage>
<lpage>2228</lpage>
<permissions>
<copyright-statement>Copyright: &#x000a9; 2010 M. Angermann et al.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2010</copyright-year>
<license license-type="open-access">
<license-p>This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this licence, visit <ext-link ext-link-type="uri"  xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/</ext-link></license-p>
</license>
</permissions>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/10/2215/2010/nhess-10-2215-2010.html">This article is available from https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/10/2215/2010/nhess-10-2215-2010.html</self-uri>
<self-uri xlink:href="https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/10/2215/2010/nhess-10-2215-2010.pdf">The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://nhess.copernicus.org/articles/10/2215/2010/nhess-10-2215-2010.pdf</self-uri>
<abstract>
<p>This article discusses aspects of communication architecture for early
warning systems (EWS) in general and gives details of the specific
communication architecture of an early warning system against tsunamis.
While its sensors are the &quot;eyes and ears&quot; of a warning system and enable
the system to sense physical effects, its communication links and terminals
are its &quot;nerves and mouth&quot; which transport measurements and estimates
within the system and eventually warnings towards the affected population.
Designing the communication architecture of an EWS against tsunamis is
particularly challenging. Its sensors are typically very heterogeneous and
spread several thousand kilometers apart. They are often located in remote
areas and belong to different organizations. Similarly, the geographic
spread of the potentially affected population is wide. Moreover, a failure
to deliver a warning has fatal consequences. Yet, the communication
infrastructure is likely to be affected by the disaster itself. Based on an
analysis of the criticality, vulnerability and availability of communication
means, we describe the design and implementation of a communication system
that employs both terrestrial and satellite communication links. We believe
that many of the issues we encountered during our work in the GITEWS project
(German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System, Rudloff et al., 2009) on the
design and implementation communication architecture are also relevant for
other types of warning systems. With this article, we intend to share our
insights and lessons learned.</p>
</abstract>
<counts><page-count count="14"/></counts>
</article-meta>
</front>
<body/>
<back>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="ref1">
<label>1</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Angermann, M.: Kommunikations- und Informationstechnologien im Katastrophenfall, VDE-Kongress 2006, Aachen, Deutschland, 2006</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref2">
<label>2</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">BBC News 2008-01-31: Severed cables disrupt Internet, available at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7218008.stm&quot;&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7218008.stm&lt;/a&gt;, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref3">
<label>3</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Bloomberg 2008-12-19: Severed Cables in Mediterranean Disrupt Communication, available at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aBa0lTN.dcoQ&quot;&gt;http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&amp;sid=aBa0lTN.dcoQ&lt;/a&gt;, 2008.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref4">
<label>4</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Meinig, C., Stalin, S. E., Nakamura, A. I., González, F., and Milburn, H. G.: Technology Developments in Real-Time Tsunami Measuring, Monitoring and Forecasting. In Oceans 2005 MTS/IEEE, 19–23 September 2005, Washington, DC, available at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs.htm&quot;&gt;http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/pubs.htm&lt;/a&gt;, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref5">
<label>5</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Pine, J. C.: Technology in Emergency Management, John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2007.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref6">
<label>6</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Rudloff, A., Lauterjung, J., Münch, U., and Tinti, S.: Preface &quot;The GITEWS Project (German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System)&quot;, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1381–1382, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1381-2009, 2009.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref7">
<label>7</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Spahn, H., Hoppe, M., Vidiarina, H. D., and Usdianto, B.: Experience from three years of local capacity development for tsunami early warning in Indonesia: challenges, lessons and the way ahead, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 1411–1429, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-10-1411-2010, 2010.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref8">
<label>8</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Tu, Y.: How robust is the Internet?, Nature 406, 353–354, &lt;a href=&quot;http://www.nature.com/&quot;&gt;http://www.nature.com/&lt;/a&gt;, 2000.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref9">
<label>9</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">UN-ISDR: Developing Early Warning Systems: A Checklist, Third Early Warning Conference, 27–29 March, 2006, Bonn, Germany, 2006a.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref10">
<label>10</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">UN-ISDR: Compendium of Early Warning Projects, Third Early Warning Conference, 27–29 March, 2006, Bonn, Germany, 2006b.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref11">
<label>11</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Widodo, P. S.: It is time to use the Ku-band in Indonesia, Online Journal of Space Communication, ssue No. 8: &quot;Regional Development: Indonesia&quot;, available at: &lt;a href=&quot;http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue8/pers_setiyanto.html&quot;&gt;http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/issue8/pers_setiyanto.html&lt;/a&gt;, 2005.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="ref12">
<label>12</label><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xlink:type="simple">Zschau, J. and Küppers, A. (ed.): Early warning systems for natural disaster reduction, Springer, Berlin, 2003.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</back>
</article>